On the Frequency Dependency of Radio Channel's Delay Spread: Analyses and Findings From mmMAGIC Multi-frequency Channel Sounding

This paper analyzes the frequency dependency of the radio propagation channel's root mean square (rms) delay spread (DS), based on the multi-frequency measurement campaigns in the mmMAGIC project. The campaigns cover indoor, outdoor, and outdoor-to-indoor (O2I) scenarios and a wide frequency range from 2 to 86 GHz. Several requirements have been identified that define the parameters which need to be aligned in order to make a reasonable comparison among the different channel sounders employed for this study. A new modelling approach enabling the evaluation of the statistical significance of the model parameters from different measurements and the establishment of a unified model is proposed. After careful analysis, the conclusion is that any frequency trend of the DS is small considering its confidence intervals. There is statistically significant difference from the 3GPP New Radio (NR) model TR 38.901, except for the O2I scenario.Comment: This paper has been accepted to the 2018 12th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP), London, UK, April 201

Enhanced dielectrophoresis of nanocolloids by dimer formation

We investigate the dielectrophoretic motion of charge-neutral, polarizable nanocolloids through molecular dynamics simulations. Comparison to analytical results derived for continuum systems shows that the discrete charge distributions on the nanocolloids have a significant impact on their coupling to the external field. Aggregation of nanocolloids leads to enhanced dielectrophoretic transport, provided that increase in the dipole moment upon aggregation can overcome the related increase in friction. The dimer orientation and the exact structure of the nanocolloid charge distribution are shown to be important in the enhanced transport

Supplementary health insurance in Finland : Consumer preferences and behaviour.

This nationally representative questionnaire survey provides insight into the demographics, motivations and behaviour of consumers opting for supplementary health insurance (SHI), and the impact of SHI on consumer utilisation of healthcare services. The data was collected from a combination of online and paper-based surveys (N = 1,620, response rate 41%) in October 2013 – January 2014. The questionnaire covers both adult and children’s SHI. The data comprises information on respondents’ socio-economics, health insurance, motivations for purchasing (or not purchasing) SHI and utilisation of healthcare services. We analyse 1) the current utilisation of and trends in SHI, 2) the preferences and motivations of Finnish consumers in opting for SHI in relation to their background characteristics, and 3) the consequences of SHI on primary healthcare service utilisation. A total of 22.7% of Finnish adults and 52.0% of children had SHI. The reasons for purchasing SHI were faster access, wider choice, better quality and willingness to use private healthcare (PRH) services. For adults, labour market position, level of education, better health and household income were significantly associated with SHI. For children, the most important factor associated with purchasing insurance seems to be the educational level of the (responding) parent. There was a significant interdependence between parents' and children’s SHI. For adults, the insurance decreases the probability they will choose a public provider and increases the utilisation of private services. For children, the insurance increases the probability of choosing a private provider. The SHI decreases the utilisation of public services for adults and increases the utilisation of private services. For children, there seems to be no effect on the utilisation of public services, but a significant increase in the utilisation of private services. Also the mode of purchase, i.e. self-purchased or employer-purchased, seems to influence healthcare utilisation in the working population. Self-purchased SHI increases the utilisation of private services, but employer-purchased SHI has no impact on healthcare utilisation. Tällä väestöä edustavaan otokseen perustuvalla tutkimuksella selvitetään vakuutusten hankkimisen sosio-demografiaa, kansalaisten motivaatioita, käyttäytymistä ja vakuutusten vaikutusta terveyspalvelusten käyttöön. Aineisto on koottu yhdistetyllä verkko- ja paperilomakekyselyllä (N = 1 620, vastausprosentti oli 41 %) lokakuun 2013 ja tammikuun 2014 välisenä aikana. Tutkimus kattaa sekä aikuisten että heidän lastensa terveyteen liittyvät vakuutukset. Aineisto sisältää tietoja vastaajien sosio-ekonomisesta asemasta, terveysvakuutuksista, vakuutuksen valinnan (tai valitsematta jättämisen) motiiveista, vakuutuksen käytöstä ja vaikutuksesta terveyspalvelujen käyttöön. Selvitämme tässä tutkimuksessa; 1) terveysvakuutusten määrää ja niiden käytön trendejä, 2) kansalaisten preferenssejä ja motiiveja vakuutusten hankinnassa ja 3) vakuutusten seurauksia terveyspalvelujen käytössä. Suomalaisista aikuisista 22,7 %:lla ja lapsiperheistä 52,0 %:lla on yksityinen terveysvakuutus. Syyt vakuutuksen hankintaan ovat nopea hoitoon pääsy, laajempi palveluvalikoima ja koettu yksityisten palvelujen parempi laatu. Aikuisten vakuutuksen valintaa selittävät työmarkkina-asema, koulutustaso ja kotitalouden tulot. Aikuisilla vakuutuksen omaajilla on parempi terveydentila kuin ilman vakuutusta olevilla. Aikuisten ja lasten vakuutukset keskittyvät samoihin kotitalouksiin. Lasten vakuutusten valintaa selittää ensisijaisesti vanhemman koulutus. Aikuisten ja lasten vakuuttamista selittävät täten hieman erilaiset seikat. Vakuutus selittää terveyspalvelujen tuottajan valintaa ja palvelujen käytettyä määrää. Vakuutus näyttää johtavan yksityisten palvelujen käyttöön ja lisääntyneeseen palvelukäyttöön erityisesti lapsilla. Aikuisilla vakuutus vähentää julkisen ja lisää yksityisen palveluntuottajan valinnan todennäköisyyttä. Lapsilla taas vakuutus lisää yksityisen tuottajan valinnan todennäköisyyttä. Vakuutus vähentää aikuisilla julkisten ja lisää yksityisen palvelujen käytettyä määrää. Lapsilla julkisten palvelujen käyttö ei vähene, mutta yksityisten palvelujen käyttö lisääntyy. Myös vakuutuksen hankinnan tavalla on yhteys palvelujen käyttöön. Työssäkäyvien aikuisten itse hankkima vakuutus tuottaa lisäyksen yksityisten palvelujen käytetyssä määrässä, mutta työnantajan hankkima vakuutus ei ole yhteydessä julkisten, yksityisten tai työterveyshuollon palvelujen käytettyyn määrään

Collapses and explosions in self-gravitating systems

Collapse and reverse to collapse explosion transition in self-gravitating systems are studied by molecular dynamics simulations. A microcanonical ensemble of point particles confined to a spherical box is considered; the particles interact via an attractive soft Coulomb potential. It is observed that the collapse in the particle system indeed takes place when the energy of the uniform state is put near or below the metastability-instability threshold (collapse energy), predicted by the mean-field theory. Similarly, the explosion in the particle system occurs when the energy of the core-halo state is increased above the explosion energy, where according to the mean field predictions the core-halo state becomes unstable. For a system consisting of 125 -- 500 particles, the collapse takes about $10^5$ single particle crossing times to complete, while a typical explosion is by an order of magnitude faster. A finite lifetime of metastable states is observed. It is also found that the mean-field description of the uniform and the core-halo states is exact within the statistical uncertainty of the molecular dynamics data.Comment: 9 pages, 14 figure

FOXP3(+) T cells are present in kidney biopsy samples in children with tubulointerstitial nephritis and uveitis syndrome

Tubulointerstitial nephritis (TIN) is an inflammatory disease of unknown pathogenesis. To evaluate a possible role of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in the pathophysiology of TIN with (TINU) and without uveitis, we investigated the presence and quantity of FOXP3(+) T regulatory lymphocytes in diagnostic kidney biopsies from pediatric patients. A total of 33 patients (14 TIN and 19 TINU) were enrolled. The quantity of CD4(+), FOXP3(+) and double-positive T cells in formalin-fixed kidney biopsies was determined using double label immunohistochemistry with anti-human CD4 and FOXP3 antibodies. FOXP3 staining was successful in all 33 patients. In patients with chronic uveitis, the density of FOXP3(+) cells was significantly lower (p = 0.046) than in TIN patients without uveitis or with uveitis lasting <3 months. CD4(+) staining was successful in 23 patients. The density of all lymphocytes (CD4(+), CD4(+)FOXP3(+) and FOXP3(+) cells) was significantly lower (p = 0.023) in patients with chronic uveitis than in other patients. FOXP3(+) T cells are present in kidney biopsy samples from TIN and TINU patients. In patients with chronic uveitis, the density of FOXP3(+) T cells is significantly lower than in other patients, suggesting a different pathomechanism for these clinical conditions.Peer reviewe

Dielectrophoresis of charged colloidal suspensions

We present a theoretical study of dielectrophoretic (DEP) crossover spectrum of two polarizable particles under the action of a nonuniform AC electric field. For two approaching particles, the mutual polarization interaction yields a change in their respective dipole moments, and hence, in the DEP crossover spectrum. The induced polarization effects are captured by the multiple image method. Using spectral representation theory, an analytic expression for the DEP force is derived. We find that the mutual polarization effects can change the crossover frequency at which the DEP force changes sign. The results are found to be in agreement with recent experimental observation and as they go beyond the standard theory, they help to clarify the important question of the underlying polarization mechanisms

Electrokinetic behavior of two touching inhomogeneous biological cells and colloidal particles: Effects of multipolar interactions

We present a theory to investigate electro-kinetic behavior, namely, electrorotation and dielectrophoresis under alternating current (AC) applied fields for a pair of touching inhomogeneous colloidal particles and biological cells. These inhomogeneous particles are treated as graded ones with physically motivated model dielectric and conductivity profiles. The mutual polarization interaction between the particles yields a change in their respective dipole moments, and hence in the AC electrokinetic spectra. The multipolar interactions between polarized particles are accurately captured by the multiple images method. In the point-dipole limit, our theory reproduces the known results. We find that the multipolar interactions as well as the spatial fluctuations inside the particles can affect the AC electrokinetic spectra significantly.Comment: Revised version with minor changes: References added and discussion extende

Dynamics of driven interfaces near isotropic percolation transition

We consider the dynamics and kinetic roughening of interfaces embedded in uniformly random media near percolation treshold. In particular, we study simple discrete ``forest fire'' lattice models through Monte Carlo simulations in two and three spatial dimensions. An interface generated in the models is found to display complex behavior. Away from the percolation transition, the interface is self-affine with asymptotic dynamics consistent with the Kardar-Parisi-Zhang universality class. However, in the vicinity of the percolation transition, there is a different behavior at earlier times. By scaling arguments we show that the global scaling exponents associated with the kinetic roughening of the interface can be obtained from the properties of the underlying percolation cluster. Our numerical results are in good agreement with theory. However, we demonstrate that at the depinning transition, the interface as defined in the models is no longer self-affine. Finally, we compare these results to those obtained from a more realistic reaction-diffusion model of slow combustion.Comment: 7 pages, 9 figures, to appear in Phys. Rev. E (1998

HFST—Framework for Compiling and Applying Morphologies

HFST–Helsinki Finite-State Technology ( hfst.sf.net ) is a framework for compiling and applying linguistic descriptions with finite-state methods. HFST currently connects some of the most important finite-state tools for creating morphologies and spellers into one open-source platform and supports extending and improving the descriptions with weights to accommodate the modeling of statistical information. HFST offers a path from language descriptions to efficient language applications in key environments and operating systems. HFST also provides an opportunity to exchange transducers between different software providers in order to get the best out of each finite-state library.Peer reviewe

Defects, order, and hysteresis in driven charge-density waves

We model driven two-dimensional charge-density waves in random media via a modified Swift-Hohenberg equation, which includes both amplitude and phase fluctuations of the condensate. As the driving force is increased, we find that the defect density first increases and then decreases. Furthermore, we find switching phenomena, due to the formation of channels of dislocations. These results are in qualitative accord with recent dynamical x-ray scattering experiments by Ringlandet al. and transport experiments by Lemay et al.Comment: Accepted to Phys. Rev. Lett. Click here for "http://www-theory.mpip-mainz.mpg.de/~karttune/CDW/", movies of driven CDW