Nanoemulsion as potential vehicles for transdermal delivery of pure phytopharmaceuticals and poorly soluble drug

Nanoemulsion (NE) is defined as an O/W or W/O emulsion producing a transparent product that has a droplet size from 20-200nm and does not have the tendency to coalesce. It is promising for transdermal delivery of drugs as an efficient route of drug administration. Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain the advantages of nanoemulsions for the transdermal delivery of drugs. In transdermal delivery, the goal of dosage design is to maximize the flux through the skin into systemic circulation. A useful strategy for improving percutaneous flux is to improve the concentration of drug or choose an appropriate vehicle for the transdermal delivery. The nanoemulsions system should be a promising vehicle due to powerful ability to deliver drug through skins. With these approaches, the aim of this present study is to review the potential of nanoemulsion formulation for transdermal delivery of pure phytopharmaceuticals and poorly soluble drugs. Some nanoemulsions have however exhibited sufficiently high level of stability for them to be proposed as vehicle for drug delivery. Using the transdermal route eliminates the side effects, increases patient compliance, avoids first-pass metabolism, enhance bioavailability and maintains the plasma drug level for a longer period of time.Keywords: Transdernmal, poorly soluble drug, phytopharmaceuticals, nanoemulsion

Multi-item Supplier Selection Model with Fuzzy Risk Analysis Studied by Possibility and Necessity Constraints

Three different supplier selection models have been developed in crisp and fuzzy environments. Here two objective functions have been considered, profit and risk. In this paper, profit has been maximized and risk has been minimized with some constraints. Each supplier has an limited capacity. The purchasing cost of each item from different supplier as well as associative risk is known. The total space and budget of a retailer are constant. In Model I, all the parameters are considered as crisp. In Model II, the demand has been considered as fuzzy. In Model III, the risk values and demand have been considered as fuzzy. To defuzzyfy the fuzzy constraints, necessity and possibility have been introduced. To defuzzyfy the fuzzy objective, two different methods, credibility measure and α-cut method have been introduced. All the models have been illustrated numerically using multi-objective genetic algorithm (MOGA). Also a sensitivity analysis has been done taking different sets of risk values and a comparison result has been shown for credibility measure and α-cut method for Model III

Standardization of a polyherbal <i style="">Siddha</i> formulation, <i style="">Amukkara Choornam</i>

449-452Most of the traditional systems of medicine are effective but they lack of standardization. So, there is a need to develop a standardization technique. Central Council of research in Ayurveda and Siddha has given preliminary guidelines for standardizing these conventional formulations. For the uniformity of batches in production of herbal formulations it is necessary to develop methods for evaluation. In the paper, attempt has been made to evaluate Amukkara choornam, a Siddha formulation. Four samples were procured from different manufacturers and were subjected to physiochemical screening, High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) finger printing, microscopic characterization was compared using authentic ingredients as reference. It was observed that all commercial samples matched exactly with that of authentic standards after performing the standardization

Comparative standardization of a polyherbal Ayurvedic formulation <i>Talishadi Churna</i>

608-611India is a land mark for traditional system of medicine from the past few centuries. Most of the traditional systems of medicine are effective but only one major drawback is lack of standardization. So, there is a need to develop a standardization technique to mingle this system of medicine in the main stream of health sciences. Central Council for Research in Ayurveda and Siddha (CCRAS) has given preliminary guidelines for standardizing these conventional formulations. The present paper reports on standardization of Talishadi churna, an Ayurvedic formulation. Three marketed samples and in-house preparation were subjected to organoleptic study, physical characteristics, physiochemical screening and High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) chromatogram. It was observed that all commercial samples and standard are similar in their organoleptic and qualitative chemical analysis but physical characteristic, fluorescence analysis and High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) chromatogram of various formulations are not matching with each other, and it may be due to the raw material collection time, geographical variation, etc. Which can be further investigated for its pharmacological activity. This study provides ready reference for the selection of an appropriate formulation in the clinical practice and hence effective rational therapy, the overall theme of health sciences

Scrotoschisis: An extremely rare congenital anomaly

A rare case of unilateral scrotoschisis in a full term infant delivered by Caesarean section is reported

Nanoemulsions as vehicles for transdermal delivery of glycyrrhizin

The present investigation aims to evaluate an isotropic and thermodynamically stable nanoemulsion formulation for transdermal delivery of glycyrrhizin (GZ), with minimum surfactant and cosurfactant (Smix) concentrations that could improve its solubility, permeation enhancement, and stability. Pseudo-ternary phase diagrams were developed and various nanoemulsion formulations were prepared using soyabean oil as oil, Span 80, Brij 35 as a surfactant and isopropyl alcohol as a cosurfactant. Nanoemulsion formulations that passed the thermodynamic stability tests were characterized for pH, viscosity and droplet size using a transmission electron microscopy. The transdermal ability of glycyrrhizin through human cadaver skin was determined using Franz diffusion cells. The in vitro skin permeation profile of the optimized nanoemulsion formulation (NE2) was compared to that of conventional gel. A significant increase in permeability parameters such as steady-state flux (Jss) and permeability coefficient (Kp) was observed in the optimized nanoemulsion formulation (NE2), which consisted of 1% wt/wt of mono ammonium glycyrrhizinate (MAG), 32.4% Span 80, 3.7% Brij 35, 10% isopropyl alcohol, 46.5% soyabean oil and 6.4% distilled water. No obvious skin irritation was observed for the studied nanoemulsion formulation (NE2) or the gel. The results indicated that nanoemulsions are promising vehicles for transdermal delivery of glycyrrhizin through human cadaver skin, without the use of additional permeation enhancers, because excipients of nanoemulsions act as permeation enhancers themselves.<br>O objetivo da investigação é avaliar uma nanoemulsão isotrópica termodinamicamente estável para a administração transdérmica da glicirrizina (GZ), com concentrações mínimas de tensoativo e co-tensoativo (Smix), que poderiam melhorar a sua solubilidade, a permeação e a estabilidade. Os diagramas pseudo-ternários de fase foram desenvolvidos e diversas nanoemulsões foram preparadas com óleo de soja como óleo, Span 80, Brij 35 como tensoativos e álcool isopropílico como co-tensoativo. As nanoemulsões que passaram por testes de estabilidade termodinâmica foram caracterizadas por pH, viscosidade, tamanho de gota e microscopia eletrônica de transmissão. A capacidade transdérmica da glicirrizina em passar através da pele de cadáver humano foi determinada por células de difusão de Franz. O perfil in vitro de permeação cutânea da formulação otimizada (NE2) foi comparada com a de gel convencional. Observou-se aumento significativo nos parâmetros de permeabilidade, como fluxo de equilíbrio (JSS) e coeficiente de permeabilidade (Kp) na formulação otimizado (NE2), que consistiu de 1% wt/wt de monoglicirrizinato de amônio (MAG), 32,4% de Span 80, 3,7% de Brij 35, 10% de álcool isopropílico, 46,5% de óleo de soja e 6,4% de água destilada. Não se observou irritação óbvia da pele para as nanoemulsões estudadas (NE2) ou de gel. Os resultados indicaram que nanoemulsões são promissores veículos para a administração transdérmica de glicirrizina através da pele de cadáveres humanos, sem o uso adicional de promotor de permeação, porque excipientes de nanoemulsões atuam como promotores de permeação

Utility of Clinical and Radiological Markers in Diagnosing Cerebral Tuberculoma and Neurocysticercosis

Background Ring-enhancing lesion is one of the most common radiological findings in a spectrum of diseases affecting the central nervous system (CNS) including infectious, inflammatory, demyelinating, and neoplastic pathologies