21 research outputs found
Absence of Thermalization in Finite Isolated Interacting Floquet Systems
Conventional wisdom suggests that the long time behavior of isolated
interacting periodically driven (Floquet) systems is a featureless maximal
entropy state characterized by an infinite temperature. Efforts to thwart this
uninteresting fixed point include adding sufficient disorder to realize a
Floquet many-body localized phase or working in a narrow region of drive
frequencies to achieve glassy non-thermal behavior at long time. Here we show
that in clean systems the Floquet eigenstates can exhibit non-thermal behavior
due to finite system size. We consider a one-dimensional system of spinless
fermions with nearest-neighbor interactions where the interaction term is
driven. Interestingly, even with no static component of the interaction, the
quasienergy spectrum contains gaps and a significant fraction of the Floquet
eigenstates, at all quasienergies, have non-thermal average doublon densities.
We show that this non-thermal behavior arises due to emergent integrability at
large interaction strength and discuss how the integrability breaks down with
power-law dependence on system size.Comment: 10+8 pages, 13 figure
Thermalization in Periodically-Driven Interacting Quantum Systems
Periodically-driven (Floquet) quantum systems are ubiquitous in science and technology. For example, when a laser illuminates a material or an AC voltage is applied to a device, the system is well-described by a time-periodic Hamiltonian. In recent years, periodic driving has been proposed, not just as a tool to excite and probe devices, but actually as a mechanism of engineering new phases of matter, some of which have no equilibrium analog. However, with this promise comes a serious problem. Intuitively, if energy is injected into and distributed throughout a system, it is no surprise that it tends to heat up indefinitely to infinite temperature.
In this thesis, we study the mechanisms of heating, i.e. the process of thermalization, in Floquet systems and propose methods to control them. Specifically, for non-interacting Floquet systems that are coupled to external bosonic and fermionic baths (e.g. laser-driven electrons in a semiconductor that interact with phonons and an external lead), we classify the relevant scattering processes that contribute to cooling/heating in the Floquet bands and suggest methods to suppress heating via bandwidth-restrictions on the baths. We find that is possible, with appropriate dissipative engineering, to stabilize a controlled incompressible nonequilibrium steady-state resembling a ground state - a state we term the "Floquet insulator." We extend this analysis to include short-range interactions that contribute additional heating processes and show, under the same framework, that heating can be controlled with dissipation. In the process, we develop a simple effective model for the Floquet band densities that captures the essence of all the Floquet scattering processes and that is useful for ballparking experimentally-relevant estimates of heating. Next, we turn our attention to strongly-interacting closed Floquet systems and study how heating emerges through a proliferation of resonances. We find a novel integrable point governing the strong-interaction limit of the Floquet system and examine the breakdown of integrability via the proliferation of resonances. We observe two distinct scaling regimes, attributed to non-thermal and thermal behavior, and discover a power-law scaling of the crossover between them as a function of system size. The lingering ergodicity-breaking effects of the conserved quantities in the vicinity (in parameter space) of the integrable point at finite size is a phenomena we term "near-integrability." These results suggest that small quantum systems, which are accessible currently in many platforms (e.g. trapped ions, cold atoms, superconducting devices), intrinsically host non-thermal states that one may be able to utilize to avoid heating. Furthermore, our results suggest a "dual" interpretation, in the thermodynamic limit, that a periodically-driven system exhibits prethermalization as a power-law in interaction strength.</p
Application of Mobile Health, Telemedicine and Artificial Intelligence to Echocardiography
The intersection of global broadband technology and miniaturized high-capability computing devices has led to a revolution in the delivery of healthcare and the birth of telemedicine and mobile health (mHealth). Rapid advances in handheld imaging devices with other mHealth devices such as smartphone apps and wearable devices are making great strides in the field of cardiovascular imaging like never before. Although these technologies offer a bright promise in cardiovascular imaging, it is far from straightforward. The massive data influx from telemedicine and mHealth including cardiovascular imaging supersedes the existing capabilities of current healthcare system and statistical software. Artificial intelligence with machine learning is the one and only way to navigate through this complex maze of the data influx through various approaches. Deep learning techniques are further expanding their role by image recognition and automated measurements. Artificial intelligence provides limitless opportunity to rigorously analyze data. As we move forward, the futures of mHealth, telemedicine and artificial intelligence are increasingly becoming intertwined to give rise to precision medicine
Controlled Population of Floquet-Bloch States via Coupling to Bose and Fermi Baths
External driving is emerging as a promising tool for exploring new phases in
quantum systems. The intrinsically non-equilibrium states that result, however,
are challenging to describe and control. We study the steady states of a
periodically driven one-dimensional electronic system, including the effects of
radiative recombination, electron-phonon interactions, and the coupling to an
external fermionic reservoir. Using a kinetic equation for the populations of
the Floquet eigenstates, we show that the steady-state distribution can be
controlled using the momentum and energy relaxation pathways provided by the
coupling to phonon and Fermi reservoirs. In order to utilize the latter, we
propose to couple the system and reservoir via an energy filter which
suppresses photon-assisted tunneling. Importantly, coupling to these reservoirs
yields a steady state resembling a band insulator in the Floquet basis. The
system exhibits incompressible behavior, while hosting a small density of
excitations. We discuss transport signatures, and describe the regimes where
insulating behavior is obtained. Our results give promise for realizing Floquet
topological insulators.Comment: 24 pages, 7 figures; with appendice
Artificial Intelligence in Cardiac Imaging
Machine learning (ML), a subset of artificial intelligence, is showing promising results in cardiology, especially in cardiac imaging. ML algorithms are allowing cardiologists to explore new opportunities and make discoveries not seen with conventional approaches. This offers new opportunities to enhance patient care and open new gateways in medical decision-making. This review highlights the role of ML in cardiac imaging for precision phenotyping and prognostication of cardiac disorders
Application of mobile health, telemedicine and artificial intelligence to echocardiography
The intersection of global broadband technology and miniaturized high-capability computing devices has led to a revolution in the delivery of healthcare and the birth of telemedicine and mobile health (mHealth). Rapid advances in handheld imaging devices
with other mHealth devices such as smartphone apps and wearable devices are making great strides in the field of cardiovascular imaging like never before. Although these
technologies offer a bright promise in cardiovascular imaging, it is far from straightforward. The massive data influx from telemedicine and mHealth including cardiovascular imaging
supersedes the existing capabilities of current healthcare system and statistical software. Artificial intelligence with machine learning is the one and only way to navigate through this complex maze of the data influx through various approaches. Deep learning techniques are further expanding their role by image recognition and automated measurements. Artificial intelligence provides limitless opportunity to rigorously analyze data. As we move forward, the futures of mHealth, telemedicine and artificial intelligence are increasingly becoming intertwined to give rise to precision medicine
Cardiovascular Imaging and Intervention Through the Lens of Artificial Intelligence
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the simulation of human intelligence in machines so they can perform various actions and execute decision-making. Machine learning (ML), a branch of AI, can analyse information from data and discover novel patterns. AI and ML are rapidly gaining prominence in healthcare as data become increasingly complex. These algorithms can enhance the role of cardiovascular imaging by automating many tasks or calculations, find new patterns or phenotypes in data and provide alternative diagnoses. In interventional cardiology, AI can assist in intraprocedural guidance, intravascular imaging and provide additional information to the operator. AI is slowly expanding its boundaries into interventional cardiology and can fundamentally alter the field. In this review, the authors discuss how AI can enhance the role of cardiovascular imaging and imaging in interventional cardiology
CRISPR-Cas12a has widespread off-target and dsDNA-nicking effects
Cas12a (Cpf1) is an RNA-guided endonuclease in the bacterial type V-A CRISPR-Cas anti-phage immune system that can be repurposed for genome editing. Cas12a can bind and cut dsDNA targets with high specificity in vivo, making it an ideal candidate for expanding the arsenal of enzymes used in precise genome editing. However, this reported high specificity contradicts Cas12a’s natural role as an immune effector against rapidly evolving phages. Here, we employed high-throughput in vitro cleavage assays to determine and compare the native cleavage specificities and activities of three different natural Cas12a orthologs (FnCas12a, LbCas12a, and AsCas12a). Surprisingly, we observed pervasive sequence-specific nicking of randomized target libraries, with strong nicking of DNA sequences containing up to four mismatches in the Cas12a-targeted DNA–RNA hybrid sequences. We also found that these nicking and cleavage activities depend on mismatch type and position and vary with Cas12a ortholog and CRISPR RNA (crRNA) sequence. Our analysis further revealed robust non-specific nicking of dsDNA when Cas12a is activated by binding to a target DNA. Together, our findings reveal that Cas12a has multiple nicking activities against dsDNA substrates and that these activities vary among different Cas12a orthologs.This research was originally published in the Journal of Biological Chemistry. Murugan, Karthik, Arun S. Seetharam, Andrew J. Severin, and Dipali G. Sashital. "CRISPR-Cas12a has widespread off-target and dsDNA-nicking effects." Journal of Biological Chemistry (2020): jbc-RA120. © the Author(s). doi: 10.1074/jbc.RA120.012933.</p