13 research outputs found
ΠΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠΉΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ³Π»Π΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠ΅ Π½Π°Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΠ±ΠΊΠΈ β ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½Ρ ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΎΠ΅ΠΌΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΠΏΠ΅Π½Π·ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ Π³ΠΎΡΡΡΠΈΡ
Objectives. The addition of high-density carbon materials to jet fuels can lead to a significant increase in the volumetric energy of the fuel combustion. The purpose of the current study was to thermodynamically analyze the possibility of obtaining model hydrocarbon fuels from toluene and T-1 using stacked-cup multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). Methods. Bomb combustion calorimetry was used to define the combustion energy of the MWCNTs in the crystalline state. The temperature dependence of the MWCNTsβ heat capacity in the range 5β370 K and the fusion parameters were estimated using low-temperature adiabatic calorimetry. The physical density of MWCNTs was measured using the pycnometric method. The sedimentation stability of the mixtures of MWCNTs with liquids was determined using centrifugation at 7000 g. The calculations were carried out in MS Excel. Results. The energy and enthalpy of combustion of a technical sample of MWCNTs in the crystalline state were determined. Based on the smoothed heat capacity values, the standard thermodynamic functions (enthalpy, entropy, and Gibbs reduced energy) of MWCNTs in the crystalline state were obtained in a temperature range of 0β2000 K. The extrapolation of the MWCNTsβ heat capacity was carried out at a temperature of up to 2000 K using the heat capacity of crystalline graphite. It has been established that mixtures of MWCNTs with liquids containing more than 33 mass % of MWCNTs are stable during centrifugal sedimentation at 7000 g. For the tolueneβMWCNTs and fuel T-1βMWCNTs model systems, the specific and volumetric combustion energies, the adiabatic combustion temperatures, and the conditional final maximum speed of the model rockets with fuel of various compositions were also calculated. Conclusions. The thermodynamic analysis showed that the addition of MWCNTs can significantly increase the volumetric energy intensity of traditional jet fuels, which can in turn improve the operational characteristics of drones and rockets.Β Π¦Π΅Π»ΠΈ. ΠΠΎΠ±Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ³Π»Π΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ² Π² ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π° ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΈ ΠΊ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΎΠ΅ΠΌΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΈ. Π¦Π΅Π»Ρ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π»Π°ΡΡ Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ³Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ² ΠΈΠ· ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΎΠ»Π° ΠΈ Π’-1 Ρ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠΉΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ³Π»Π΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π½Π°Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΠ±ΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ (ΠΠ£ΠΠ’). ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ. Π‘Π²ΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΠ£ΠΠ’ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΈ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ²: ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΈΡ ΡΠ³ΠΎΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΠΊΡΠΈΡΡΠ°Π»Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π° ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ Π±ΠΎΠΌΠ±ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΎΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΈ, ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ½Π°Ρ Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠ΅ΠΌΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π² ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ²Π°Π»Π΅ 5β370 K β ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ Π°Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π±Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΎΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΈ, ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ β ΠΏΠΈΠΊΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ, ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½Π°Ρ ΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ Ρ ΠΆΠΈΠ΄ΠΊΠΎΡΡΡΠΌΠΈ β ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΈ 7000 g. Π Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡ Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠ΅ MS Excel. Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ. ΠΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Ρ ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠΏΠΈΡ ΡΠ³ΠΎΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ° ΠΠ£ΠΠ’ Π² ΠΊΡΠΈΡΡΠ°Π»Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠ° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ³Π»Π°ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠ΅ΠΌΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ (ΡΠ½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠΏΠΈΡ, ΡΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠΏΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΈΡ ΠΠΈΠ±Π±ΡΠ°) ΠΠ£ΠΠ’ Π² ΠΊΡΠΈΡΡΠ°Π»Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΈ Π² ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ²Π°Π»Π΅ 0β2000 K. ΠΠΊΡΡΡΠ°ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠ΅ΠΌΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΠ£ΠΠ’ Π΄ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ 2000 K ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π° Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠ΅ΠΌΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΊΡΠΈΡΡΠ°Π»Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ°. Π£ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈ ΠΠ£ΠΠ’ Ρ ΠΆΠΈΠ΄ΠΊΠΎΡΡΡΠΌΠΈ, ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΠ£ΠΠ’ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ 33 ΠΌΠ°ΡΡ. %, ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎ ΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΠΈΠ²Ρ Π² ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ³Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΈ 7000 g. ΠΠ»Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΎΠ»βΠΠ£ΠΠ’, Π³ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅Π΅ Π’-1βΠΠ£ΠΠ’ Π²ΡΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ³ΠΎΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ, Π°Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π±Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ Π³ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π½Π°Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΅ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ΅Ρ Ρ Π³ΠΎΡΡΡΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΠ². ΠΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ. Π’Π΅ΡΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π», ΡΡΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΠ±Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΠ£ΠΠ’ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ°Π΅Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΎΠ΅ΠΌΠΊΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ², ΡΡΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡ ΠΊ ΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ»ΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊ Π»Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π°ΠΏΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ².
ΠΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΎΠ΅ΠΌΠΊΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ³Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Π² ΠΆΠΈΠ΄ΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΡΡ
Objectives. The increased use of unmanned aerial vehicles necessitates the search for jet fuels based on hydrocarbon materials with high energy intensity and physical density. The purpose of the work was to analyze the influence of various factors on the mass energy intensity of hydrocarbons. This analysis is required to substantiate the algorithm for locating energy-intensive CnHm structures.Methods. Combustion energy was calculated using additive procedures. The calculations were performed using Microsoft Excel.Results. During the analysis of the mass energy intensity of CnHm hydrocarbons, the m/n ratio was discovered to be the decisive factor for achieving high values of the mass energy intensity of hydrocarbons. The energy intensity decreases when moving from alicyclic to cyclic hydrocarbons, and this decrease is not compensated by the production of strain energy. An additive scheme that allows the molar volume of hydrocarbons to be predicted with sufficient accuracy is proposed for calculating the volumetric enthalpies of combustion.Conclusions. According to the thermodynamic analysis, n-alkanes have the highest mass energy intensities. The technology for extracting n-alkanes from oil fractions is well developed, and a decrease in the hydrogen content in the fuel results in a decrease in the mass energy intensity. It appears improbable that the mass and volumetric energy intensities of hydrocarbons seem will reach their maximum values simultaneously. Hydrocarbons that have a high m/n value, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6-membered rings, and phenyl fragments may have relatively high mass and volumetric energy intensities at the same time.Π¦Π΅Π»ΠΈ. Π Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π±Π΅ΡΠΏΠΈΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π»Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π°ΠΏΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΈΡΠΊΠ° ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ² Ρ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΎΠ΅ΠΌΠΊΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΡΠ³Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ². Π¦Π΅Π»Ρ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π»Π°ΡΡ Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² Π½Π° ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΎΠ΅ΠΌΠΊΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ³Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ², Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π°Π»Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΌΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠΈΡΠΊΠ° ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΎΠ΅ΠΌΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡ CnHm.ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ. ΠΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΈΡ ΡΠ³ΠΎΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π°Π΄Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡ. Π Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡ Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠ΅ MS Excel.Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ. Π Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΎΠ΅ΠΌΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ³Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² CnHm Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ Π΄Π»Ρ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΈΡ
Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΎΠ΅ΠΌΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ³Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ m/n. ΠΡΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ ΠΎΡ Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ³Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΊ ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΎΠ΅ΠΌΠΊΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ, ΠΈ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π° Π°Π΄Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π½Π°Ρ ΡΡ
Π΅ΠΌΠ°, ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΡΠ°Ρ Ρ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ³Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠΏΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ³ΠΎΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ.ΠΠ°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅. Π’Π΅ΡΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π», ΡΡΠΎ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΎΠ΅ΠΌΠΊΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°Π΄Π°ΡΡ Π½-Π°Π»ΠΊΠ°Π½Ρ, ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ·Π²Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ
ΠΈΠ· Π½Π΅ΡΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΉ Ρ
ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎ ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π½Π°, ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π° Π² ΡΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ ΠΊ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΎΠ΅ΠΌΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΈ. ΠΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΎΠ΅ΠΌΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠ³Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠΎΡΡΠ½ΡΠΌ. ΠΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ, ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΎΠ΅ΠΌΠΊΠΎΡΡΡΡ Π±ΡΠ΄ΡΡ ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°Π΄Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ³Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ Ρ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΈΠΌ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ m/n, ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅ 2, 3, 4, 5, 6-ΡΠΈ ΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»Ρ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°Π³ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡ
Properties of ZnO/ZnAlO composite PEO coatings on zinc
Recently the successful formation of PEO coatings on zinc in a phosphate
aluminate electrolyte was shown. The produced composite coatings contain
various mixtures of ZnO and ZnAlO. In frame of the current study, the
properties of the formed coatings including adhesion/cohesion, wear, corrosion
and photocatalytic activity were analysed to identify possible applications.
However, the coatings show internal porosity and a sponge-like structure. Thus
the cohesion within the coating is quite low. Pull-off tests have demonstrated
clear rupture within the PEO layer at strength values as low as 1 MPa. The
photocatalytic activity is limited, in spite of the formation of a higher
amount of ZnO at shorter treatment times. Interestingly, the composite coatings
of ZnO and higher amounts of ZnAlO spinel showed a higher activity, but
not sufficient for fast and effective catalytic cleaning applications
The Influence of PSA Pre-Anodization of AA2024 on PEO Coating Formation: Composition, Microstructure, Corrosion, and Wear Behaviors
In the frame of the current work, it was shown that plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) treatment can be applied on top of phosphoric sulfuric acid (PSA) anodized aluminum alloy AA2024. Being hard and well-adherent to the substrate, PEO layers improve both corrosion and wear resistance of the material. To facilitate PEO formation and achieve a dense layer, the systematic analysis of PEO layer formation on the preliminary PSA anodized layer was performed in this work. The microstructure, morphology, and composition of formed PEO coatings were investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), x-ray diffraction (XRD), and glow-discharge optical emission spectroscopy (GDOES). It was shown that under constant current treatment conditions, the PSA layer survived under the applied voltage of 350 V, whilst 400 V was an intermediate stage; and under 450 V, the PSA layer was fully converted after 5 min of the treatment. The comparison test with PEO formation on the bare material was performed. It was confirmed that during the "sparking" mode (400 V) of PEO formation, the PEO coatings, formed on PSA treated AA2024, were more wear resistant than the same PEO coatings on bare AA2024
Stacked-cup multiwall carbon nanotubes as components of energy-intensive suspension jet fuels
Objectives. The addition of high-density carbon materials to jet fuels can lead to a significant increase in the volumetric energy of the fuel combustion. The purpose of the current study was to thermodynamically analyze the possibility of obtaining model hydrocarbon fuels from toluene and T-1 using stacked-cup multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). Methods. Bomb combustion calorimetry was used to define the combustion energy of the MWCNTs in the crystalline state. The temperature dependence of the MWCNTsβ heat capacity in the range 5β370 K and the fusion parameters were estimated using low-temperature adiabatic calorimetry. The physical density of MWCNTs was measured using the pycnometric method. The sedimentation stability of the mixtures of MWCNTs with liquids was determined using centrifugation at 7000 g. The calculations were carried out in MS Excel. Results. The energy and enthalpy of combustion of a technical sample of MWCNTs in the crystalline state were determined. Based on the smoothed heat capacity values, the standard thermodynamic functions (enthalpy, entropy, and Gibbs reduced energy) of MWCNTs in the crystalline state were obtained in a temperature range of 0β2000 K. The extrapolation of the MWCNTsβ heat capacity was carried out at a temperature of up to 2000 K using the heat capacity of crystalline graphite. It has been established that mixtures of MWCNTs with liquids containing more than 33 mass % of MWCNTs are stable during centrifugal sedimentation at 7000 g. For the tolueneβMWCNTs and fuel T-1βMWCNTs model systems, the specific and volumetric combustion energies, the adiabatic combustion temperatures, and the conditional final maximum speed of the model rockets with fuel of various compositions were also calculated. Conclusions. The thermodynamic analysis showed that the addition of MWCNTs can significantly increase the volumetric energy intensity of traditional jet fuels, which can in turn improve the operational characteristics of drones and rockets
Heat-resisting foam concrete: forming conditions
Synthesis, properties and structure of inorganic compound
Porous glass-ceramic material from akali activation and sintering of clay with waste granite rabble mixtures
ΠΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠ°Ρ ΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ² Π±Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΡ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠ°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ, Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠ΅ΠΌΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΈ, Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΉ Ρ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠΎΠΉΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΈ. ΠΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, Π² ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠ΅Π½, ΠΏΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠ°Ρ ΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠΊΠ° Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Ρ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ³Π½Π΅ΡΡΠΎΠΉΠΊΠ°Ρ, Ρ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΈΠ½Π΅ΡΡΠ½Π° ΠΈ Π½Π΅ ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ½Π°. ΠΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄, ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠΉ Π² Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Π°, ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΠΆΠΈΠ³ΠΎΠΌ Π³Π»ΠΈΠ½Ρ Ρ ΠΎΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΠΌΠΈ Π³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π±Π½
Plasma electrolytic oxidation of PSA pre-anodized AA2024 alloy
ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠΊΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ (ΠΠΠ) ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΉΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ·ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎ-ΡΡΠΎΠΉΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΡ Ρ Ρ
ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π°Π΄Π³Π΅Π·ΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΏΠ»Π°Π²Π°. ΠΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ Π² ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΠΠ Π½Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΏΠ»Π°Π²Π°, Π½ΠΎ ΠΈ Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π²Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π½Π°Π½Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π°Π½ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ»ΠΎΡΠΌΠΈ. ΠΡΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ ΠΠΠ-ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ Π°Π»ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΏΠ»Π°Π²Π° ΠΠ2024 Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π²Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌ Π°Π½ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡ (ΠΠ‘Π)