Misconduct and Leader Behaviour in Contests– New Evidence from European Football

This paper provides an empirical investigation of severe misconducts in contests based on data from European football championships. We extend previous studies by differentiating between two types of misconducts both resulting in a yellow card, namely dissents with the referee and other misconducts. Confirming the existing literature, we find that teams with lower ability are more likely to commit sabotage, i.e. fouls, to reduce the opponent’s chances for success. Sabotage is also more likely when the outcome of the contests is still open. In addition, we find that dissents with the referee are significantly more likely in the case of an unfavourable score. We introduce a new perspective to the study of football data by distinguishing misconducts of team captains from those of other players. We find that captains engage more in sabotage during important matches and challenge referees’ decisions in direct reaction to sanctions awarded to teammates. In contrast to regular players, however, captains do not participate in the escalation of series of retaliative misconducts. Finally, our analyses indicate that all types of misconduct have a negative effect on the likelihood of success

Dissent, sabotage, and leader behaviour in contests:Evidence from European football

This paper provides an empirical investigation of misconducts in contests based on data from european football. We extend previous studies by differentiating between dissents with the referee and misconducts directly aimed at sabotaging the competitor. We find that sabotage is more likely committed by teams with lower ability. Dissent is more likely to be shown by teams lagging behind in score and by away teams. We further find that captains engage more in sabotage during important matches and challenge referees' decisions immediately after sanctions of teammates. Finally, we also observe a deterrence effect of sanctions on all types of misconduct

A Service of zbw Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre for Economics

Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. Abstract This paper uses a theoretical model with Directed Technical Change to analyse the observed heterogeneous energy intensity developments. Based on the empirical evidence on the underlying drivers of energy intensity developments, we decompose changes in aggregate energy intensity into structural changes in the economy (Sector Effect) and within-sector energy efficiency improvements (Efficiency Effect). We analyse how energy price growth and the relative productivity of both sectors affect the direction of research and hence the relative importance of the aforementioned two effects. The relative importance of these effects is determined by energy price growth and relative sector productivity that drive the direction of research. In economies that are relatively more advanced in sectors with low energy intensities, the Sector Effect dominates energy intensity dynamics given no or moderate energy price growth. In contrast, the Efficiency Effect dominates energy intensity developments in economies with a high relative technological level within their energy-intensive industries if moderate energy price growth is above a certain threshold. We further show that temporal energy price shocks might induce a permanent redirection of innovation activities towards sectors with low-energy intensities. Terms of use: Documents in Keywords: directed technical change, energy efficiency, energy intensity, structural change. JEL-Classification: O33, Q43, Q55. * We thank Jürgen Meckl, Ulf Moslener, Jana Brandt, Lothar Grall, Matthias Greiff, and the participants of the 9th MAGKS Colloquium (Marburg) for fruitful comments

Lectotypification of names of Himalayan Brassicaceae taxa currently placed in the genus Cardamine

Lectotypes of twenty-eight names of taxa currently recognized or synonymized in Cardamine are designated as part of the work on the account of the genus for the Pan-Himalayan Flora. Among them, the previous first-step lectotypification of the name C. calthifolia is finalized. In cases when specimen images are available online, stable identifiers for specimens, other permanent links, or links via JSTOR Global Plants are provided

František Nábělek’s Iter Turcico-Persicum 1909–1910 – database and digitized herbarium collection

The Czech botanist František Nábělek (1884−1965) explored the Middle East in 1909-1910, visiting what are now Israel, Palestine, Jordan, Syria, Lebanon, Iraq, Bahrain, Iran and Turkey. He described four new genera, 78 species, 69 varieties and 38 forms of vascular plants, most of these in his work Iter Turcico-Persicum (1923−1929). The main herbarium collection of Iter Turcico-Persicum comprises 4163 collection numbers (some with duplicates), altogether 6465 specimens. It is currently deposited in the herbarium SAV. In addition, some fragments and duplicates are found in B, E, W and WU. The whole collection at SAV was recently digitized and both images and metadata are available via web portal www.nabelek.sav.sk, and through JSTOR Global Plants and the Biological Collection Access Service. Most localities were georeferenced and the web portal provides a mapping facility. Annotation of specimens is available via the AnnoSys facility. For each specimen a CETAF stable identifier is provided enabling the correct reference to the image and metadata

František Nábělek’s Iter Turcico-Persicum 1909–1910 – database and digitized herbarium collection

The Czech botanist František Nábělek (1884−1965) explored the Middle East in 1909-1910, visiting what are now Israel, Palestine, Jordan, Syria, Lebanon, Iraq, Bahrain, Iran and Turkey. He described four new genera, 78 species, 69 varieties and 38 forms of vascular plants, most of these in his work Iter Turcico-Persicum (1923−1929). The main herbarium collection of Iter Turcico- Persicum comprises 4163 collection numbers (some with duplicates), altogether 6465 specimens. It is currently deposited in the herbarium SAV. In addition, some fragments and duplicates are found in B, E, W and WU. The whole collection at SAV was recently digitized and both images and metadata are available via web portal www.nabelek.sav.sk, and through JSTOR Global Plants and the Biological Collection Access Service. Most localities were georeferenced and the web portal provides a mapping facility. Annotation of specimens is available via the AnnoSys facility. For each specimen a CETAF stable identifier is provided enabling the correct reference to the image and metadata

Opportunities for mobilizing private climate finance through Article 6

Together with Climate Focus and Frankfurt School of Finance & Management, Perspectives has analyzed how Article 6 market mechanisms can be designed to incentivize mobilization of private financing and to reorient global finance flows towards low-carbon development and climate resilience in line with Article 2.1c of the Paris Agreement. On the international level, private and public sector trust in Article 6 mechanisms must be enhanced through keeping transaction low while robustly safeguarding integrity. On the national level, mitigation policy instruments should incentivize demand for emission reduction units, while higher-cost private sector mitigation should be mobilized through effective blending of ITMO revenues with public climate finance

Opportunities for mobilizing private climate finance through Article 6

The ambitious long-term target of the Paris Agreement (PA) can only be achieved if private sector action on climate change is scaled up and global finance flows are reoriented towards low-carbon development and climate resilience. Governments will need to trigger climate-compatible investments through targeted national policy instruments. International market mechanisms introduced by the PA in Article 6 are expected to play a critical role in creating the right incentives for mitigation activities financed and managed by the private sector. The upcoming Conference of the Parties (COP) in Chile is to deliver a final rulebook for Article 6, which will define the framework within which the private sector can operate and will define how generated mitigation results can be brought to market. While the price level achieved for internationally transferred mitigation outcomes (ITMO) or Article 6.4 Emission Reductions (A6.4ERs) will be the key driver for private sector engagement in market mechanisms, several other parameters will be relevant: the level of transaction costs, the degree of government interference, the scope of eligible activities, and the stringency of additionality determination and baseline setting. Balancing the delicate trade-off between private sector costs and assurance of environmental integrity is vital if new market mechanisms are to trigger private sector participation in climate change mitigation and adaptation activities at scale. This study seeks to answer the overarching question: How can Article 6 market mechanisms be designed to incentivize mobilization of private financing and contribute to support Article 2.1c in the Paris Agreement? While a wide definition of climate finance would cover finance triggered by market mechanisms; a narrow definition consistent with Article 9 PA would not cover market mechanism financing that aims to generate market mechanism units (ITMOs/A6.4ERs) for compliance with NDC targets. It should however be noted that no consensus on definitions has been achieved internationally so far