Розробка технології виробництва корисних желейних цукерок із баштанних культур на натуральній основі

The object of the study are the fruits of cucurbits crops, as well as confectionery products based on the fruits of watermelons and melons. The fruits of watermelons and melons are not processed on an industrial scale for a number of reasons: the lack of technological solutions for primary processing and preparation for processing, the instability of raw materials for processing. The pulp of watermelons must be processed within 5 hours under certain conditions; in the pulp of melons, changes in microbiological indicators begin within an hour of storage at room conditions. Because fruits have a high moisture content, the solution for effective fruit processing is to bind this moisture with thickeners and produce jelly candies. Sweets made without antioxidants did not withstand the standard shelf life for jelly sweets, and the growth of mold fungi increased. The reason may be the low acidity of the raw material. Citric acid was added as an antioxidant. There were problems of taste and smell; citric acid interrupts the natural smell of raw materials. During the search, the powder of dried, red-fruited rowan was chosen. The finished product had a barely perceptible natural aroma, the powder did not affect the taste. There were inclusions in the cross-section, but the appearance became more attractive. Jelly sweets without the addition of rowan powder had active mold growth on the 7th day of storage at a temperature of 22–25 °C; with the addition of rowan powder under the same storage conditions, they showed growth on the 16th day. The finished product meets all physical, chemical, and microbiological standards. The shelf life of such jelly sweets at a temperature of +6 °C in sealed packaging is up to 30 days without mold formationОб'єктом дослідження є плоди баштанних культур, вироби кондитерські на основі плодів кавунів і динь. Плоди кавунів і динь у промисловому масштабі не переробляються з низки причин: відсутність технологічних рішень щодо первинної обробки та підготовки до переробки, нестабільність сировини для переробки. М'якуш кавунів потрібно переробляти протягом 5 годин за певних умов, так як в м'якоті динь протягом години зберігання в кімнатних умовах починаються зміни мікробіологічних показників. Оскільки плоди мають підвищений вміст вологи, рішенням для ефективної переробки плодів є зв'язування даної вологи за допомогою загусників і виробництво желейних цукерок. Виконані без антиоксидантів цукерки не витримували нормативних термінів зберігання для желейних цукерок, підвищувалося зростання цвілевих грибів. Причиною може бути низька кислотність сировини. Як антиоксидант була додана лимонна кислота. З'явилися проблеми смаку та запаху, так як лимонна кислота перебиває натуральний запах сировини. У процесі пошуку рішення було обрано порошок сушеної червоноплідної горобини. Готовий продукт мав ледь вловимий натуральний аромат, порошок на смак не вплинув. На розрізі були вкраплення, але при цьому вигляд став більш привабливим. Желейні цукерки без додавання порошку горобини мали активне зростання плісняви на 7 добу зберігання при температурі 22–25 °С, з додаванням порошку горобини за тих же умов зберігання показали зростання на 16 добу. Готовий продукт відповідає всім фізико-хімічним та мікробіологічним стандартам. Термін зберігання таких желейних цукерок при температурі +6 °С у герметичній упаковці – до 30 днів без утворення плісняв

Розробка технології виробництва рахат-лукуму з баштанних культур на натуральній основі

The reason for the current work is the lack of technology to produce food from the fruits of melon crops, namely oriental sweets like soft sweets, based on processed overripe fruits of melon crops of domestic growth. The rationale for the need for this research work was the demand for the creation of technology for the manufacture of food, a high percentage of unsold substandard melons and watermelons. As well as the lack of the possibility of processing melon crops near the areas of cultivation and manufacturing sweet products at small and medium-sized enterprises. The development of technology to produce sweet meals will have a positive impact on the expansion of the scope of use of the fruits of melon crops. The absence of an established mechanism for processing and marketing overripe fruits brings great losses. In this regard, the issue of finding solutions to new ways of selling melon crops is relevant. The study revealed the possibility of producing Turkish delight from the fruits of watermelon and melon. At the same time, Turkish delight from the pulp of watermelon was more stable than that from melon. The developed oriental sweet product based on the pulp of watermelon outperforms the control sample in all the studied indicators. The mass fraction of fat in the developed product is 0.26 %, which is 0.13 % more than that in raw materials. The mass fraction of protein increased by 0.53 %. In Turkish delight based on watermelon, the carbohydrate content increased by 3.7 times, by 15.1 %. The content of ascorbic acid in watermelon Turkish delight is slightly less, by 7.22 mg/100 g, than that in melon. The developed Turkish delight was stored both under room and refrigeration conditions, the shelf life was 5 days and 21 days, respectivelyПідставою для виконання роботи є відсутність технології виробництва продуктів харчування з плодів баштанних культур, а саме східних солодощів на кшталт м'яких цукерок, на основі перероблених перестиглих плодів баштанних культур вітчизняного проростання. Обґрунтуванням необхідності проведення науково-дослідної роботи стало затребуваність у створенні технології виготовлення продуктів харчування, високий відсоток нереалізованості з некондиційних динь та кавунів. Так само відсутність можливості переробки баштанних культур поблизу площ вирощування та виготовлення солодких виробів на базі малих та середніх підприємств. Розробка технології виробництва солодких страв позитивно вплине на розширення сфери використання плодів баштанних культур. Відсутність налагодженого механізму переробки та збуту перестиглих плодів завдає великих збитків. У зв'язку з цим актуальним є питання пошуку рішення нових шляхів реалізації баштанних культур. У ході дослідження виявлено можливість виробництва рахат-лукуму з плодів кавуна та дині. При цьому рахат-лукум з м'якоті кавуна виявився стабільнішим, ніж з дині. Розроблені східні солодощі на основі м'якоті кавуна перевершують контрольний зразок за всіма показниками, що вивчаються. Масова частка жиру у розробленому продукті становить 0,26 %, що на 0,13 % більше, ніж у сировині. Масова частка білка збільшилася на 0,53 %. У рахат-лукумі на основі кавуна збільшився вміст вуглеводів у 3,7 рази, на 15,1 %. Вміст аскорбінової кислоти в кавуновому рахат-лукумі трохи менше, на 7,22 мг/100 г, ніж у динному. Розроблений рахат-лукум зберігався як за кімнатних, так і за холодильних умов, термін зберігання 5 днів та 21 день, відповідн

Proceedings from the CIHLMU 5th Infectious Diseases Symposium 2016 “Drug Resistant Tuberculosis: Old Disease - New Challenge”

Abstract The 5th CIHLMU Infectious Disease Symposium, Munich, Germany, March 12, 2016 brought together Tuberculosis Experts from developed and low middle-income countries to discuss the control of drug resistance Tuberculosis. The meeting featured 9 presentations: Tuberculosis history and current scenario, Tuberculosis and migration - current scenario in Germany, Mechanism of Tuberculosis resistance development, Epidemiology of resistance – transmission vs. new generation of resistance, The impact of diagnostic in patients beyond – sensitivity and specificity, The Bangladesh regimen – new hope trough old drugs, New drugs and regimens – an overview on studies and Multi and Extensively Drug Resistant Tuberculosis from Europe. The presentations were followed by a panel discussion. Serious Multidrug Resistance epidemic in some countries may jeopardize the progress in Tuberculosis control. In this meeting epidemiology, mechanism, immigration and screening, diagnosis, research and treatment of drug resistant tuberculosis were discussed

Technological Process of Anaerobic Digestion of Cattle Manure in a Bioenergy Plant

Anaerobic digestion consists of the biological decomposition of organic waste under anaerobic conditions by various types of microorganisms. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of the fermentation starter of methanogenic bacteria on the anaerobic digestion of cattle manure in a bioenergy plant. The effect of various methods (physical, microbiological and chemical) on the digestion of cattle manure was studied under mesophilic (35°C) and thermophilic (50°C) modes. The results of the study showed that the content of volatile fatty acids and the pH of the medium was in the optimal range, the yield of methane biogas (CH4) during anaerobic digestion at 35°C was 0.45 m3/kg and at 50°C was 0.58 m3/kg. The data obtained indicate that the thermophilic mode (50°C) of anaerobic digestion of manure effectively affects the yield of methane biogas. Based on anaerobic digestion in mesophilic mode, a fermentation starter of methanogenic cultures adapted to thermophilic conditions was obtained. According to cultural and morphological characteristics, the cultures were assigned to the genera Methanopyrus and Methanococcus. The results of a study on the effect of the fermentation starter of methanogenic bacteria in fermented manure at 50°C showed that with an increase in the dose of the fermentation starter, the methane-forming ability of anaerobic bacteria increased and the process of methane biogas release intensified (from 0.36 m3/kg to 0.79 m3/kg). Besides, the dose of methanogenic fermentation starter based on Methanopyrus and Methanococcus isolates (28 kg) was determined. When the bioenergy plant is launched in thermophilic mode, the release of biogas increases by 2.2 times, and the digestion period decreases to 10 days

Prevalence of Rickettsia species in ticks including identification of unknown species in two regions in Kazakhstan

Abstract Background Over 60 years ago clinical patterns resembling tick-borne rickettsioses have been described for the first time in Kazakhstan. Since 1995 the incidence of clinical cases of tick-borne rickettsioses in humans seems to be rising but studies on epidemiological data regarding the occurring etiological agents, tick vector species, prevalence and distribution throughout Kazakhstan are still scarce to date. The aim of the study was molecular investigation of ticks for spotted-fever group rickettsiae in the endemic Kyzylorda region and the so far considered as non-endemic Almaty region. A total of 2341 ticks was collected in the two regions in Kazakhstan and sorted in 501 pools: Ixodes persulcatus (243); Dermacentor marginatus (129); Haemaphysalis punctata (104); Hyalomma asiaticum (17); Dermacentor reticulatus (3); and Rhipicephalus turanicus (5). Pools were tested for Rickettsia spp. using real-time PCR. For positive samples multilocus sequence typing (MLST) was performed. Results The calculated minimum infection rate (MIR) for rickettsiae in the investigated ticks in Almaty region varied between 0.4–15.1% and 12.6–22.7% in the Kyzylorda region. At least four different Rickettsia species were identified in the two selected regions of Kazakhstan. Two of these are already known to science: Rickettsia raoultii and R. slovaca, the latter being reported for the first time in Almaty region One new form, “Candidatus R. yenbekshikazakhensis”, was described by MLST of six gene fragments in Almaty region and one new genotype, “genotype R. talgarensis” was detected using three gene fragments. Conclusions Kazakh physicians should be aware of rickettsioses after tick bites in both regions studied. Both, R. raoultii and R. slovaca should be included in the diagnostics. The role for human diseases has further to be investigated for the newly described rickettsiae, “Candidatus R. yenbekshikazakhensis” and “Genotype R. talgarensis”

Seroepidemiological and molecular investigations of infections with Crimean–Congo haemorrhagic fever virus in Kazakhstan

Objectives: The aim of this study was to detect the seroprevalence of Crimean–Congo haemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) in patients with fever of unknown origin (FUO) in endemic (Kyzylorda) and non-endemic (Almaty) oblasts of Kazakhstan. Methods: Paired serum samples from 802 patients with FUO were collected. Serum samples were investigated by ELISA to detect IgG and IgM antibodies against CCHFV. Sera with suspected acute infection were further investigated by RT-PCR to detect the viral RNA. Results: IgG antibodies were detected in 12.7% of the sera from both oblasts. Acute infection was shown by IgM ELISA in four patients from Kyzylorda, with only one developing severe CCHF. Viral RNA was found by RT-PCR in the other three patients’ sera. Phylogenetic analysis of partial L and S segments revealed CCHFV genotype Asia 2 and a possible reassortment between the genotypes Asia 1/Asia 2. Animal husbandry, such as working with cattle and horses, was significantly associated with CCHFV seropositivity. Conclusions: The antibodies and viral RNA detected in sera indicate that mild or even asymptomatic CCHFV infections are presented in Kazakhstan. This study describes the circulation of CCHFV in the so far non-endemic Almaty oblast for the first time. In conclusion, physicians treating patients with FUO in Kazakhstan should be aware of mild CCHF. Keywords: Crimean–Congo haemorrhagic fever virus, Fever of unknown origin, Reassortment, Kazakhsta

Molecular Characterisation and Phylogeny of Tula Virus in Kazakhstan

Orthohantaviruses are zoonotic pathogens that play a significant role in public health. These viruses can cause haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in Eurasia. In the Republic of Kazakhstan, the first human cases were registered in the year 2000 in the West Kazakhstan region. Small mammals can be reservoirs of orthohantaviruses. Previous studies showed orthohantavirus antigens in wild-living small mammals in four districts of West Kazakhstan. Clinical studies suggested that there might be further regions with human orthohantavirus infections in Kazakhstan, but genetic data of orthohantaviruses in natural foci are limited. The aim of this study was to investigate small mammals for the presence of orthohantaviruses by molecular biological methods and to provide a phylogenetic characterization of the circulating strains in Kazakhstan. Small mammals were trapped at 19 sites in West Kazakhstan, four in Almaty region and at seven sites around Almaty city during all seasons of 2018 and 2019. Lung tissues of small mammals were homogenized and RNA was extracted. Orthohantavirus RT-PCR assays were applied for detection of partial S and L segment sequences. Results were compared to published fragments. In total, 621 small mammals from 11 species were analysed. Among the collected small mammals, 2.4% tested positive for orthohantavirus RNA, one sample from West Kazakhstan and 14 samples from Almaty region. None of the rodents caught in Almaty city were infected. Sequencing parts of the small (S) and large (L) segments specified Tula virus (TULV) in these two regions. Our data show that geographical distribution of TULV is more extended as previously thought. The detected sequences were found to be split in two distinct genetic clusters of TULV in West Kazakhstan and Almaty region. TULV was detected in the common vole (Microtus arvalis) and for the first time in two individuals of the forest dormouse (Dryomys nitedula), interpreted as a spill-over infection in Kazakhstan

Vectors, molecular epidemiology and phylogeny of TBEV in Kazakhstan and central Asia

BACKGROUND: In the South of Kazakhstan, Almaty Oblastʼ (region) is endemic for tick-borne encephalitis, with 0.16–0.32 cases/100,000 population between 2016–2018. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence and circulating subtypes of tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) in Almaty Oblastʼ and Kyzylorda Oblastʼ. METHODS: In 2015 we investigated 2341 ticks from 7 sampling sites for the presence of TBEV. Ticks were pooled in 501 pools and isolated RNA was tested for the presence of TBEV by RT-qPCR. For the positive samples, the E gene was amplified, sequenced and a phylogenetic analysis was carried out. RESULTS: A total of 48 pools were TBEV-positive by the RT-qPCR. TBEV-positive ticks were only detected in three districts of Almaty Oblastʼ and not in Kyzylorda Oblastʼ. The positive TBEV pools were found within Ixodes persulcatus, Haemaphysalis punctata and Dermacentor marginatus. These tick species prevailed only in Almaty Oblastʼ whereas in Kyzylorda Oblastʼ Hyalomma asiaticum and D. marginatus are endemic. The minimum infection rates (MIR) in the sampling sites were 4.4% in Talgar, 2.8% in Tekeli and 1.1% in Yenbekshikazakh, respectively. The phylogenetic analysis of the generated sequences indicates that TBEV strains found in Almaty Oblastʼ clusters in the Siberian subtype within two different clades. CONCLUSIONS: We provided new data about the TBEV MIR in ticks in Almaty Oblastʼ and showed that TBEV clusters in the Siberian Subtype in two different clusters at the nucleotide level. These results indicate that there are different influences on the circulating TBEV strains in south-eastern Kazakhstan. These influences might be caused by different routes of the virus spread in ticks which might bring different genetic TBEV lineages to Kazakhstan. The new data about the virus distribution and vectors provided here will contribute to an improvement of monitoring of tick-borne infections and timely anti-epidemic measures in Kazakhstan