Perception of work conditions in a traditional farming community in Boa Esperança, Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil

The impact of pesticide use on human and environmental health has received attention from the international scientific community for some time, especially in developing countries where such chemical agents are used extensively and indiscriminately. The present study adopts a methodological approach to risk perception analysis based on rapid surveys, including: participatory observation; semi-structured interviews with key informants; and evaluation of local work processes. Field data analysis revealed several issues related to the risk perception profile of the study population, including the development of defensive strategies toward work hazards, subjective responses to potentially hazardous situations, and the role of individual risk perception as a determinant of human exposure to pesticides.O presente estudo objetivou investigar a forma como o impacto do uso de agrotóxicos sobre a saúde humana e o ambiente é um problema que tem merecido atenção da comunidade científica em todo o mundo desde há muito tempo, sobretudo nos países em desenvolvimento onde, sem os devidos cuidados, esses compostos são amplamente utilizados. O presente estudo objetiva a aplicação de uma metodologia de diagnóstico rápido para a avaliação da percepção de riscos no trabalho rural ­ sobretudo aquela relacionada ao uso de produtos agrotóxicos ­ frente às especificidades deste processo de trabalho e às idiossincrasias socioculturais do homem do campo. Esta metodologia inclui: observações participantes; entrevistas semi-estruturadas com informantes-chave; e avaliação do processo de trabalho. A análise dos dados desvelou uma série de questões relacionadas com a percepção de riscos da população estudada, incluindo o desenvolvimento de estratégias de defesa frente aos perigos vivenciados no trabalho, as respostas subjetivas frente a situações de potencial dano à saúde e o papel da percepção individual e coletiva dos riscos na determinação da exposição aos agrotóxicos.1059106

Analysis of strategies for information and education about food and nutrition services produced within the National Food and Nutrition in the period 1999 to 2010

Made available in DSpace on 2011-05-04T12:42:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sergio Arouca. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.Alimentação e nutrição são determinantes fundamentais que afetam a saúde das populações humanas, sejam estas ricas ou pobres, onde o padrão alimentar de cada grupo relaciona-se diretamente com o seu perfil de morbi- mortalidade. O Brasil enfrenta, ao mesmo tempo, o combate à fome e à desnutrição e um crescente aumentodas doenças relacionadas ao sobre peso e à obesidade, fato este que demanda, cada vez mais, a adoção de práticas de educação nutricional voltadas à promoção de hábitos alimentares saudáveis. Para tal desafio, o Ministério da Saúde do Brasil, através da Política Nacional de Alimentação e Nutrição (PNAN), tem como plano de ação a produção de materiais informativos pertinentes ao tema. O objetivo desse estudo é realizar uma análise qualitativa dessas estratégias de informação elaboradas pela PNAN,a partir de 1999, data de sua publicação, conhecendo todo o seu processo de elaboração, distribuição e avaliação. O estudo foi estruturado em três etapas: (a) análise do material informativo produzido pelo Ministério da Saúde, no âmbito da PNAN, a partir de 1999; b) entrevistas semi-estruturadas com profissionais responsáveis pela elaboração, acompanhamento e avaliação deste material; e c) grupos focais com indivíduos pertencentes a um dos grupos específicos para os quais os materiais são direcionados. Após a análise dos dados levantados, foi possível compreender a importância dautilização de materiais informativos e educativos no âmbito de ações de educação nutricional e em saúde, tendo claro o papel coadjuvante desses instrumentos. No entanto, para que tais materiais se tornem mais efetivos, sendo utilizados em um processo educativo mais amplo, alguns desafios precisam ser superados, dentre os quais destacamos: a inadequação dos materiais às audiências a que se destinam; o limitado caráter participativo adotado no processo de elaboração desses materiais; a ausência de uma rotina sistemática de avaliação (da recepção de informações e do impacto dessas sobre a saúde dos indivíduos) desses materiais; e a desarticulação dos materiais a ações educativas mais completas, destinadas a grupos populacionais específicos no país. Acreditamos que o primeiro passo visando a efetividade do material avaliado nesse estudo, é que ele seja completamente entendido, que ele seja compreendido dentro de um espaço de significação comum entre o conhecimento da população usuária desses materiais e o conhecimento técnico referente à alimentação e à nutrição.Food and nutrition are key determinants that affect human health, independently of social classes, being the feeding patterns of each group directly associated with the morbidity and mortality profiles. Brazil deals, at the same time, with the challenge to fight against hungry and malnutrition and the increasing impact of overweight and obesity. This situation is demanding, more and more, the adoption of educational and informative strategies, focusing healthy dietary habits. As one of its main political initiatives, the Brazilian Ministry of Health, in the scope of the National Politics on Alimentation and Nutrition (PNAN), targets the elaboration of educative materials aiming the promotion of better dietary habits among several specific population groups. This study objectives to analyze qualitatively the elaboration, preparation, distribution, and evaluation processes related to informative and educational material by the Brazilian Ministry of Health about nutrition and alimentation produced since 1999, when PNAN was published. The study was structured in three steps: (a) analysis of the informative material produced by the Brazilian Ministry of Health, under the PNAN, starting from 1999; (b) semi-structured interviews with professionals responsible for the material elaboration, monitoring and evaluation; (c) and focus groups with individuals belonging to one of the specific groups for which the materials are directed. It was possible to understand the importance these materials’ elaboration for the National alimentation and nutrition politics. There is a need for a better planning in the process of educational and informative material focusing alimentation and nutrition in Brazil. However, for such materials to become more effective, being used in a wider educational process, some challenges must be overcome: a) the inadequacy of the materials to the target audience; b) the limited participatory approach adopted in preparation of these materials; c) the need for evaluating permanently these materials (including information reception and the impact of these materials on individuals’ health); d) and the dismantling of educational materials to become more comprehensive, aiming to be appropriate by specific population groups in the country. The first step in the road to the material effectiveness is that it is completely understood, comprehended within a common space of meaning between the knowledge of the users of these materials and technical knowledge related to alimentation and nutrition.alimentation and nutrition, information, communication, nutritional education. Food and nutrition are key determinants that affect human health, independently of social classes, being the feeding patterns of each group directly associated with the morbidity and mortality profiles. Brazil deals, at the same time, with the challenge to fight against hungry and malnutrition and the increasing impact of overweight and obesity. This situation is demanding, more and more, the adoption of educational and informative strategies, focusing healthy dietary habits. As one of its main political initiatives, the Brazilian Ministry of Health, in the scope of the National Politics on Alimentation and Nutrition (PNAN), targets the elaboration of educative materials aiming the promotion of better dietary habits among several specific population groups. This study objectives to analyze qualitatively the elaboration, preparation, distribution, and evaluation processes related to informative and educational material by the Brazilian Ministry of Health about nutrition and alimentation produced since 1999, when PNAN was published. The study was structured in three steps: (a) analysis of the informative material produced by the Brazilian Ministry of Health, under the PNAN, starting from 1999; (b) semi-structured interviews with professionals responsible for the material elaboration, monitoring and evaluation; (c) and focus groups with individuals belonging to one of the specific groups for which the materials are directed. It was possible to understand the importance these materials’ elaboration for the Nationalalimentation and nutrition politics. There is a need for a better planning in the process of educational and informative material focusing alimentation and nutrition in Brazil. However, for such materials to become more effective, being used in a wider educational process, some challenges must be overcome: a) the inadequacy of the materials to the target audience; b) the limited participatory approach adopted in preparation of these materials; c) the need for evaluating permanently these materials (including information reception and the impact of these materials on individuals’ health); d) and the dismantling of educational materials to become more comprehensive, aiming to be appropriate by specific population groups in the country. The first step in the road to the material effectiveness is that it is completely understood, comprehended within a common space of meaning between the knowledge of the users of these materials and technical knowledge related to alimentation and nutrition

Comparison of in vitro activity of five antifungal agents against dermatophytes, using the agar dilution and broth microdilution methods Comparação da atividade in vitro de cinco agentes antifúngicos para dermatófitos, usando os métodos de diluição em ágar e microdiluição em caldo

The purpose of this study was to compare the agar dilution and broth microdilution methods for determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of fluconazole, itraconazole, ketoconazole, griseofulvin and terbinafine for 60 dermatophyte samples belonging to the species Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Microsporum canis. The percentage agreement between the two methods, for all the isolates with < 2 dilutions that were tested was 91.6% for ketoconazole and griseofulvin, 88.3% for itraconazole, 81.6% for terbinafine and 73.3% for fluconazole. One hundred percent agreement was obtained for Trichophyton mentagrophytes isolates evaluated with ketoconazole and griseofulvin. Thus, until a reference method for testing the in vitro susceptibility of dermatophytes is standardized, the similarity of the results between the two methods means that the agar dilution method may be useful for susceptibility testing on these filamentous fungi.<br>O propósito do presente trabalho foi comparar os métodos de diluição em ágar e diluição em caldo para a determinação de concentração inibitória mínima de fluconazol, itraconazol, cetoconazol, griseofulvina e terbinafina para 60 amostras de dermatófitos pertencentes às espécies, Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton. mentagrophytes e Microsporum canis. A porcentagem de acordo entre os dois métodos para todos os isolados testados considerando-se valores < 2 diluições, foram de 91,6% para cetoconazol e para griseofulvina, de 88,3% para itraconazol, de 81,6% para terbinafina e de 73,3% para fluconazol. Uma concordância de 100% foi obtido para isolados de Trichophyton mentagrophytes avaliados com cetoconazol e griseofulvina. Desta forma, até que um método de referência seja padronizado para testar a suscetibilidade in vitro para os dermatófitos, os resultados semelhantes encontrados para os dois métodos fazem com que o método de diluição em ágar possa ser útil no teste de suscetibilidade para estes fungos filamentosos

NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES: a data set on carnivore distribution in the Neotropics

Mammalian carnivores are considered a key group in maintaining ecological health and can indicate potential ecological integrity in landscapes where they occur. Carnivores also hold high conservation value and their habitat requirements can guide management and conservation plans. The order Carnivora has 84 species from 8 families in the Neotropical region: Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Otariidae; Phocidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae. Herein, we include published and unpublished data on native terrestrial Neotropical carnivores (Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae). NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES is a publicly available data set that includes 99,605 data entries from 35,511 unique georeferenced coordinates. Detection/non-detection and quantitative data were obtained from 1818 to 2018 by researchers, governmental agencies, non-governmental organizations, and private consultants. Data were collected using several methods including camera trapping, museum collections, roadkill, line transect, and opportunistic records. Literature (peer-reviewed and grey literature) from Portuguese, Spanish and English were incorporated in this compilation. Most of the data set consists of detection data entries (n = 79,343; 79.7%) but also includes non-detection data (n = 20,262; 20.3%). Of those, 43.3% also include count data (n = 43,151). The information available in NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES will contribute to macroecological, ecological, and conservation questions in multiple spatio-temporal perspectives. As carnivores play key roles in trophic interactions, a better understanding of their distribution and habitat requirements are essential to establish conservation management plans and safeguard the future ecological health of Neotropical ecosystems. Our data paper, combined with other large-scale data sets, has great potential to clarify species distribution and related ecological processes within the Neotropics. There are no copyright restrictions and no restriction for using data from this data paper, as long as the data paper is cited as the source of the information used. We also request that users inform us of how they intend to use the data

Neotropical freshwater fisheries : A dataset of occurrence and abundance of freshwater fishes in the Neotropics

The Neotropical region hosts 4225 freshwater fish species, ranking first among the world's most diverse regions for freshwater fishes. Our NEOTROPICAL FRESHWATER FISHES data set is the first to produce a large-scale Neotropical freshwater fish inventory, covering the entire Neotropical region from Mexico and the Caribbean in the north to the southern limits in Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay. We compiled 185,787 distribution records, with unique georeferenced coordinates, for the 4225 species, represented by occurrence and abundance data. The number of species for the most numerous orders are as follows: Characiformes (1289), Siluriformes (1384), Cichliformes (354), Cyprinodontiformes (245), and Gymnotiformes (135). The most recorded species was the characid Astyanax fasciatus (4696 records). We registered 116,802 distribution records for native species, compared to 1802 distribution records for nonnative species. The main aim of the NEOTROPICAL FRESHWATER FISHES data set was to make these occurrence and abundance data accessible for international researchers to develop ecological and macroecological studies, from local to regional scales, with focal fish species, families, or orders. We anticipate that the NEOTROPICAL FRESHWATER FISHES data set will be valuable for studies on a wide range of ecological processes, such as trophic cascades, fishery pressure, the effects of habitat loss and fragmentation, and the impacts of species invasion and climate change. There are no copyright restrictions on the data, and please cite this data paper when using the data in publications