Systèmes d’information et résilience des chaînes logistiques globales

The business environment is now and will continue to be impacted by disturbances of international scope. In the future, this situation will be reinforced by global competition driven by growth in emerging economies. In a context of permanent crisis with multiple causes, companies need to find ways to adapt and yet maintain their level of performance, living up to the expectations of their numerous stakeholders. This article analyses how information systems can adapt in times of crisis to enhance supply chain resilience, or oth- erwise stated, it explores how supply chains maintain a constant level of performance de- spite rare or unexpected events. Information technology evolution is currently taking place in an environment of agile industrial activities and logistics systems that are increasingly outsourced. This situation is further complicated by a context where uncertainty multiplies risk of shortages or serious disruptions. Using two case studies conducted in the same context, we identify two types of response to crisis: one short term based on progressive information system degradation and crisis decision making, the other consisting of crisis man- agement by learning that allows for dynamic adjustment of the organization. This article develops the notion of an information platform which by supporting the main supply chain processes also permits analysis of modification of strategic parameters affecting each actor, thus allowing them, and the system as a whole, to dynamically adjust to the situation via access to and transmission of real time information

In vivo remodeling of fibroblast-derived vascular scaffolds implanted for 6 months in rats

There is a clinical need for tissue-engineered small-diameter (<6 mm) vascular grafts since clinical applications are halted by the limited suitability of autologous or synthetic grafts. This study uses the self-assembly approach to produce a fibroblast-derived decellularized vascular scaffold (FDVS) that can be available off-the-shelf. Briefly, extracellular matrix scaffolds were produced using human dermal fibroblasts sheets rolled around a mandrel, maintained in culture to allow for the formation of cohesive and three-dimensional tubular constructs, and decellularized by immersion in deionized water. The FDVSs were implanted as an aortic interpositional graft in six Sprague-Dawley rats for 6 months. Five out of the six implants were still patent 6 months after the surgery. Histological analysis showed the infiltration of cells on both abluminal and luminal sides, and immunofluorescence analysis suggested the formation of neomedia comprised of smooth muscle cells and lined underneath with an endothelium. Furthermore, to verify the feasibility of producing tissue-engineered blood vessels of clinically relevant length and diameter, scaffolds with a 4.6 mm inner diameter and 17 cm in length were fabricated with success and stored for an extended period of time, while maintaining suitable properties following the storage period. This novel demonstration of the potential of the FDVS could accelerate the clinical availability of tissue-engineered blood vessels and warrants further preclinical studies

Custom human endogenous retroviruses dedicated microarray identifies self-induced HERV-W family elements reactivated in testicular cancer upon methylation control

Endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) are an inherited part of the eukaryotic genomes, and represent ∼400 000 loci in the human genome. Human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) can be divided into distinct families, composed of phylogenetically related but structurally heterogeneous elements. The majority of HERVs are silent in most physiological contexts, whereas a significant expression is observed in pathological contexts, such as cancers. Owing to their repetitive nature, few of the active HERV elements have been accurately identified. In addition, there are no criteria defining the active promoters among HERV long-terminal repeats (LTRs). Hence, it is difficult to understand the HERV (de)regulation mechanisms and their implication on the physiopathology of the host. We developed a microarray to specifically detect the LTR-containing transcripts from the HERV-H, HERV-E, HERV-W and HERV-K(HML-2) families. HERV transcriptome was analyzed in the placenta and seven normal/tumoral match-pair samples. We identified six HERV-W loci overexpressed in testicular cancer, including a usually placenta-restricted transcript of ERVWE1. For each locus, specific overexpression was confirmed by quantitative RT-PCR, and comparison of the activity of U3 versus U5 regions suggested a U3-promoted transcription coupled with 5′R initiation. The analysis of DNA from tumoral versus normal tissue revealed that hypomethylation of U3 promoters in tumors is a prerequisite for their activation

Familial hypercholesterolaemia in children and adolescents from 48 countries: a cross-sectional study

Background: Approximately 450 000 children are born with familial hypercholesterolaemia worldwide every year, yet only 2·1% of adults with familial hypercholesterolaemia were diagnosed before age 18 years via current diagnostic approaches, which are derived from observations in adults. We aimed to characterise children and adolescents with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia (HeFH) and understand current approaches to the identification and management of familial hypercholesterolaemia to inform future public health strategies. Methods: For this cross-sectional study, we assessed children and adolescents younger than 18 years with a clinical or genetic diagnosis of HeFH at the time of entry into the Familial Hypercholesterolaemia Studies Collaboration (FHSC) registry between Oct 1, 2015, and Jan 31, 2021. Data in the registry were collected from 55 regional or national registries in 48 countries. Diagnoses relying on self-reported history of familial hypercholesterolaemia and suspected secondary hypercholesterolaemia were excluded from the registry; people with untreated LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) of at least 13·0 mmol/L were excluded from this study. Data were assessed overall and by WHO region, World Bank country income status, age, diagnostic criteria, and index-case status. The main outcome of this study was to assess current identification and management of children and adolescents with familial hypercholesterolaemia. Findings: Of 63 093 individuals in the FHSC registry, 11 848 (18·8%) were children or adolescents younger than 18 years with HeFH and were included in this study; 5756 (50·2%) of 11 476 included individuals were female and 5720 (49·8%) were male. Sex data were missing for 372 (3·1%) of 11 848 individuals. Median age at registry entry was 9·6 years (IQR 5·8-13·2). 10 099 (89·9%) of 11 235 included individuals had a final genetically confirmed diagnosis of familial hypercholesterolaemia and 1136 (10·1%) had a clinical diagnosis. Genetically confirmed diagnosis data or clinical diagnosis data were missing for 613 (5·2%) of 11 848 individuals. Genetic diagnosis was more common in children and adolescents from high-income countries (9427 [92·4%] of 10 202) than in children and adolescents from non-high-income countries (199 [48·0%] of 415). 3414 (31·6%) of 10 804 children or adolescents were index cases. Familial-hypercholesterolaemia-related physical signs, cardiovascular risk factors, and cardiovascular disease were uncommon, but were more common in non-high-income countries. 7557 (72·4%) of 10 428 included children or adolescents were not taking lipid-lowering medication (LLM) and had a median LDL-C of 5·00 mmol/L (IQR 4·05-6·08). Compared with genetic diagnosis, the use of unadapted clinical criteria intended for use in adults and reliant on more extreme phenotypes could result in 50-75% of children and adolescents with familial hypercholesterolaemia not being identified. Interpretation: Clinical characteristics observed in adults with familial hypercholesterolaemia are uncommon in children and adolescents with familial hypercholesterolaemia, hence detection in this age group relies on measurement of LDL-C and genetic confirmation. Where genetic testing is unavailable, increased availability and use of LDL-C measurements in the first few years of life could help reduce the current gap between prevalence and detection, enabling increased use of combination LLM to reach recommended LDL-C targets early in life

Systèmes d’information et résilience des chaînes logistiques globales

The business environment is now and will continue to be impacted by disturbances of international scope.  In the future, this situation will be reinforced by global competition driven by growth in emerging economies.  In a context of permanent crisis with multiple causes, companies need to find ways to adapt and yet maintain their level of performance, living up to the expectations of their numerous stakeholders.  This article analyses how information systems can adapt in times of crisis to enhance supply chain resilience, or otherwise stated, it explores how supply chains maintain a constant level of performance despite rare or unexpected events.  Information technology evolution is currently taking place in an environment of agile industrial activities and logistics systems that are increasingly outsourced.  This situation is further complicated by a context where uncertainty multiplies risk of shortages or serious disruptions.  Using two case studies conducted in the same context, we identify two types of response to crisis: one short term based on progressive information system degradation and crisis decision making, the other consisting of crisis management by learning that allows for dynamic adjustment of the organization.  This article develops the notion of an information platform which by supporting the main supply chain processes also permits analysis of modification of strategic parameters affecting each actor, thus allowing them, and the system as a whole, to dynamically adjust to the situation via access to and transmission of real time information.Désormais partie intégrante de l’environnement des entreprises, les perturbations de tout ordre s’étendent à l’échelle de la planète, combinées à une compétition globale renforcée par la croissance soutenue des pays émergents. Dans un contexte de crise permanente dont les causes peuvent être multiples, les entreprises doivent trouver des solutions pour s’adapter et maintenir un niveau de performance à la hauteur des attentes de leurs nombreuses parties prenantes. Cet article analyse la contribution des systèmes d’information à la résilience des chaînes logistiques globales, c’est-à-dire leur capacité à garder un niveau d’efficience constant quels que soient les évènements auxquels elles sont soumises, rares ou inhabituels. L’évolution des technologies de l’information, couplée à la mutation des organisations vers des systèmes agiles basés sur l’externalisation de leurs activités industrielles et logistiques, est remise en perspective dans un contexte où les incertitudes multiplient les risques de ruptures et de défaillances. A partir de deux études de cas réalisées dans le même contexte, deux types de réponse aux crises sont identifiés : une réponse à court terme qui traduit une résilience passive qui repose sur la dégradation des systèmes et la prise de décision dans l’urgence ; une résilience active qui permet un ajustement dynamique de l’organisation grâce à une gestion des crises par l’apprentissage inter-organisationnel. L’article montre enfin l’intérêt des plateformes informationnelles qui analysent les modifications des paramètres stratégiques relatifs à chaque acteur de la supply chain, et leur permettent un ajustement dynamique par un accès et une transmission en temps réel des informations utiles

De la maîtrise des risques à l'appréhension de l'incertitude dans une chaîne logistique : quelle réalité pour une PME ?

Dans un monde en perpétuelle mutation, les entreprises industrielles vivent de nombreuses incertitudes environnementales liées à leur supply chain, exacerbées par un enchevêtrement de relations interorganisationnelles de plus en plus complexes qui génèrent de multiples flux physiques et informationnels. Ces incertitudes peuvent se transformer en risques réels pour la bonne gestion et la pérennité de l'entreprise. Nous avons étudié le cas d'une entreprise du secteur de la chimie dont la supply chain est contrôlée par le distributeur. Cette monographie nous permet d'identifier les pratiques et outils mis en place par une PME pour mieux appréhender les incertitudes et maîtriser les risques inhérents à sa supply chain. Les résultats montrent les difficultés de l'entreprise à avoir une vision stratégique et tactique et soulignent son incapacité à maîtriser les risques et les incertitudes au profit d'une gestion opérationnelle ancrée dans les difficultés quotidiennes. Finalement, nous formulerons des recommandations managériales spécifiques à la PME qui amènent de nouvelles voies de recherches dans le domaine du SCM

Visibilité des Supply Chains : Proposition d’un agenda de recherche

International audienc

Legislative Documents

Also, variously referred to as: House bills; House documents; House legislative documents; legislative documents; General Court documents

Visibilité des Supply Chains : Proposition d’un agenda de recherche

International audienc

Visibilité des Supply Chains : Proposition d’un agenda de recherche

International audienc