422 research outputs found

    Olfaction scaffolds the developing human from neonate to adolescent and beyond

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    The impact of the olfactory sense is regularly apparent across development. The foetus is bathed in amniotic fluid that conveys the mother’s chemical ecology. Transnatal olfactory continuity between the odours of amniotic fluid and milk assists in the transition to nursing. At the same time, odours emanating from the mammary areas provoke appetitive responses in newborns. Odours experienced from the mother’s diet during breastfeeding, and from practices such as pre-mastication, may assist in the dietary transition at weaning. In parallel, infants are attracted to and recognise their mother’s odours; later, children are able to recognise other kin and peers based on their odours. Familiar odours, such as those of the mother, regulate the child’s emotions, and scaffold perception and learning through non-olfactory senses. During adolescence, individuals become more sensitive to some bodily odours, while the timing of adolescence itself has been speculated to draw from the chemical ecology of the family unit. Odours learnt early in life and within the family niche continue to influence preferences as mate choice becomes relevant. Olfaction thus appears significant in turning on, sustaining and, in cases when mother odour is altered, disturbing adaptive reciprocity between offspring and caregiver during the multiple transitions of development between birth and adolescence

    Concurrence et allocation de ressources locales instantanément stabilisante

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    International audienceCet article est un rĂ©sumĂ© de (Altisen et al., 2015) oĂč nous Ă©tudions la notion de concurrence dans les problĂšmes d'allocation de ressources. Nous proposons des propriĂ©tĂ©s gĂ©nĂ©rales permettant d'exprimer la qualitĂ© de concurrence d'une solution Ă  un problĂšme d'allocation de ressources et Ă©tablissons quelle qualitĂ© de concurrence peut ĂȘtre atteinte par un algorithme rĂ©solvant le problĂšme d'allocation de ressources locales. Enfin, nous proposons un algorithme d'allocation de ressources locales instantanĂ©ment stabilisant qui rĂ©alise cette qualitĂ© de concurrence

    P2-074: mRNA expression of HIF1alpha and XRCC4 in lung cancer and its peritumoral normal tissue

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    Decrease in Fas-induced apoptosis by the Îł-secretase inhibitor is dependent on p75(NTR) in a glioblastoma cell line.

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    International audiencep75(NTR), a member of the tumor necrosis factor superfamily, plays a key role in numerous physiological processes, including cell survival or apoptosis. Yet, the associated signaling pathways remain poorly understood. Similar to Notch, Îł-secretase cleavage is implicated in the p75(NTR) signaling pathway leading to nuclear translocation of the intracellular domain and cell death. Fas receptor activation was found to promote cell death apoptosis in several cell lines. The goal of this study was to determine the respective role of p75(NTR) and Notch in the resistance to Fas-induced apoptosis in the U-87 MG glioblastoma cell line. Using the Îł-secretase inhibitor, we investigated the modulation of Fas-induced apoptosis dependent on p75(NTR)-Fas receptor interaction. Whereas the U-87 MG cells expressed the Fas receptor at the cell membrane, apoptosis induced by Fas activation was decreased by the Îł-secretase inhibitor. These data suggest that Îł-secretase is implicated in p75(NTR) and Fas interaction leading to cell death signaling

    The odor context facilitates the perception of low-intensity facial expressions of emotion

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    It has been established that the recognition of facial expressions integrates contextual information. In this study, we aimed to clarify the influence of contextual odors. The participants were asked to match a target face varying in expression intensity with non-ambiguous expressive faces. Intensity variations in the target faces were designed by morphing expressive faces with neutral faces. In addition, the influence of verbal information was assessed by providing half the participants with the emotion names. Odor cues were manipulated by placing participants in a pleasant (strawberry), aversive (butyric acid), or no-odor control context. The results showed two main effects of the odor context. First, the minimum amount of visual information required to perceive an expression was lowered when the odor context was emotionally congruent: happiness was correctly perceived at lower intensities in the faces displayed in the pleasant odor context, and the same phenomenon occurred for disgust and anger in the aversive odor context. Second, the odor context influenced the false perception of expressions that were not used in target faces, with distinct patterns according to the presence of emotion names. When emotion names were provided, the aversive odor context decreased intrusions for disgust ambiguous faces but increased them for anger. When the emotion names were not provided, this effect did not occur and the pleasant odor context elicited an overall increase in intrusions for negative expressions. We conclude that olfaction plays a role in the way facial expressions are perceived in interaction with other contextual influences such as verbal information

    Modélisation de structures composites à géométrie variable

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    Trois technologies sont utilisées pour la réalisation de composites à géométrie variable. Les structures bistables (actionnées thermiquement, par piezzo ou SMA), les composites à actionneurs SMA intégrés et les composites actionnés thermiquement et dont le fonctionnement est basé sur un effet bilame. Cette derniÚre technologie permet d'obtenir une déformation progressive et contrÎlée de la structure, mais sa mise en uvre nécessite une démarche de conception particuliÚre. Dans ce travail on se propose d'exposer les outils de simulation, nécessaires au développement de ce type de composite

    Stabilisation progressive

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    International audienceCet article est un rĂ©sumĂ© Ă©tendu de (Altisen et al., Euro-Par 2016) dans lequel nous nous intĂ©ressons Ă  des rĂ©seaux pouvant subir des changements topologiques transitoires. Nous proposons une nouvelle spĂ©cialisation de l'autostabilisation adaptĂ©e Ă  ce type de rĂ©seau : la stabilisation progressive. Un algorithme est progressivement stabilisant sous hypothĂšse de (τ, ρ)-dynamicitĂ© s'il est autostabilisant et satisfait la propriĂ©tĂ© supplĂ©mentaire suivante : aprĂšs au plus τ pas dynamiques vĂ©rifiant la condition ρ et se produisant Ă  partir d'une configuration lĂ©gitime, l'algorithme converge rapidement vers une configuration oĂč une spĂ©cification plus faible est satisfaite ; puis il continue Ă  converger progressivement vers des configurations oĂč des spĂ©cifications de plus en plus fortes sont vĂ©rifiĂ©es, et ce, jusqu'Ă  retrouver une configuration lĂ©gitime vĂ©rifiant la spĂ©cification initiale du problĂšme. Nous illustrons cette nouvelle propriĂ©tĂ© en proposant un algorithme progressivement stabilisant de synchronisation d'horloges

    Stabilisation progressive

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    International audienceCet article est un rĂ©sumĂ© Ă©tendu de (Altisen et al., Euro-Par 2016) dans lequel nous nous intĂ©ressons Ă  des rĂ©seaux pouvant subir des changements topologiques transitoires. Nous proposons une nouvelle spĂ©cialisation de l'autostabilisation adaptĂ©e Ă  ce type de rĂ©seau : la stabilisation progressive. Un algorithme est progressivement stabilisant sous hypothĂšse de (τ, ρ)-dynamicitĂ© s'il est autostabilisant et satisfait la propriĂ©tĂ© supplĂ©mentaire suivante : aprĂšs au plus τ pas dynamiques vĂ©rifiant la condition ρ et se produisant Ă  partir d'une configuration lĂ©gitime, l'algorithme converge rapidement vers une configuration oĂč une spĂ©cification plus faible est satisfaite ; puis il continue Ă  converger progressivement vers des configurations oĂč des spĂ©cifications de plus en plus fortes sont vĂ©rifiĂ©es, et ce, jusqu'Ă  retrouver une configuration lĂ©gitime vĂ©rifiant la spĂ©cification initiale du problĂšme. Nous illustrons cette nouvelle propriĂ©tĂ© en proposant un algorithme progressivement stabilisant de synchronisation d'horloges

    Optimisation des sources internes de chaleur dans un composite actif

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    Le couplage entre un effet thermique et l'asymĂ©trie d'une structure permet d'Ă©laborer un composite Ă  gĂ©omĂ©trie variable. Le changement de configuration peut ĂȘtre instantanĂ© si la structure est bistable ou progressif sinon. Des fils de carbone sont placĂ©s dans le composite et connectĂ©s Ă  un gĂ©nĂ©rateur de courant pour servir de source interne de chaleur. L'objectif de la prĂ©sente Ă©tude est de comprendre et d'optimiser les effets thermiques afin d'amĂ©liorer les performances mĂ©caniques et le rendement d'un tel composite

    Analysis of Several PLA2 mRNA in Human Meningiomas

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    In view of the important oncogenic action of phospholipase A2(PLA2) we investigated PLA2 transcripts in human meningiomas. Real-time PCR was used to investigate PLA2 transcripts in 26 human meningioma tumors. Results indicated that three Ca2+-dependent high molecular weight PLA2 (PLA2-IVA, PLA2-IVB, PLA2-IVC), one Ca2+-independent high molecular weight PLA2 (PLA2-VI) and five low molecular weight secreted forms of PLA2 (PLA2-IB, PLA2-IIA, PLA2-III, PLA2-V, and PLA2-XII) are expressed with PLA2-IVA, PLA2-IVB, PLA2-VI, and PLA2-XIIA as the major expressed forms. PLA2-IIE, PLA2-IIF, PLA2-IVD, and PLA2-XIIB are not detected. Plasma (PLA2-VIIA) and intracellular (PLA2-VIIB) platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase transcripts are expressed in human meningiomas. However no difference was found for PLA2 transcript amounts in relation to the tumor grade, the subtype of meningiomas, the presence of inflammatory infiltrated cells, of an associated edema, mitosis, brain invasion, vascularisation or necrosis. In conclusion numerous genes encoding multiples forms of PLA2 are expressed in meningiomas where they might act on the phospholipid remodeling and on the local eicosanoid and/or cytokine networks
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