Pohjola kommunismintorjunnan kenttänä:pohjoissuomalaiset kommunistit Etsivän keskuspoliisin ja Valtiollisen poliisin kontrollin kohteena vuosina 1920–1944

Tiivistelmä. Tämä tutkimus käsittelee Etsivän keskuspoliisin ja Valtiollisen poliisin valvonta- ja kontrollitoimia pohjoissuomalaisia kommunisteja kohtaan vuosina 1920–1944. Tutkimuksen päätavoitteena oli analysoida, miksi ja miten EK-Valpo toteutti edellä mainittua toimintaa Pohjois-Suomessa. Lisäkysymykset koskivat EK-Valpon yleisen linjan heijastumista toimintaan pohjoisessa sekä Suomen yhteiskunnallispoliittisten muutosten näkymistä turvallisuuspoliisin toiminnassa. Tutkimusjoukkona oli seitsemän pohjoissuomalaista kommunistia, joista kaikista tuli SKDL:n kansanedustajia vuoden 1945 eduskuntavaalien jälkeen. Tutkimusjoukko on valittu sen hypoteesin pohjalta, että kansanedustajiksi valitut henkilöt edustavat Suomen kommunistisen puolueen (SKP) toimeliainta ainesta, ja heidän kauttaan oli mahdollista analysoida EK-Valpon heihin kohdistamia toimia. Tutkimuksen päälähteinä olivat EK-Valpon henkilömapit edellä mainituista henkilöistä. Tämän lisäksi analysoin EK-Valpon asiakirjoja, jotka käsittelivät SKP:n toimintaa Pohjois-Suomen piireissä. Perehdyin myös Kansan Arkiston säilyttämiin asiakirjoihin, jotka liittyivät tutkittuihin henkilöihin. Lähdeaineistoa analysoidessani hyödynsin laadullisen tutkimuksen metodeja, joiden avulla kävin aineiston järjestelmällisesti läpi ja teemoittelin sisällön tehden johtopäätöksiä EK-Valpon toimista Pohjois-Suomessa ja alueen kommunistien suhteen. Tutkimuksen keskeisimpinä tuloksina voi todeta, että vaikka EK-Valpo oli hyvin päällikkövetoinen virasto, Pohjois-Suomi oli erityislaatuinen ympäristö kommunismintorjunnassa. Ruotsin ja Neuvostoliiton rajojen läheisyys sekä alueen omintakeinen elinkeinoympäristö pakottivat EK-Valpoa kohdistamaan erityistä huomiota näitä seikkoja kohtaan, ja se näkyi myös kontrollitoimissa paikallisia kommunisteja vastaan. Lisäksi sotavuodet 1939–1944 olivat poikkeuksellisia niin Valpon kuin kommunistienkin näkökulmasta. Tällöin EK-Valpon toiminta keskitettiin entistä enemmän pääosaston alaisuuteen ja lähemmäs Puolustusvoimia. Samaan aikaan lähes jokainen suomalainen kommunisti joutui turvasäilöön, ja osa heistä sotilas- ja työpalvelukseen Itä-Karjalaan. Tutkimus tuotti EK-Valposta uutta tietoa, erityisesti sen paikallisesta toiminnasta, sillä sen kontrollitoimintaa pohjoissuomalaisten kommunistien suhteen ei ole aiemmin tutkittu yhtään. On perusteltua nostaa Pohjois-Suomi poliittisen historian tutkimuksen huomion kohteeksi, sillä alueella oli omat erityispiirteensä, jotka erosivat muusta Suomesta

An extension of Wiener integration with the use of operator theory

With the use of tensor product of Hilbert space, and a diagonalization procedure from operator theory, we derive an approximation formula for a general class of stochastic integrals. Further we establish a generalized Fourier expansion for these stochastic integrals. In our extension, we circumvent some of the limitations of the more widely used stochastic integral due to Wiener and Ito, i.e., stochastic integration with respect to Brownian motion. Finally we discuss the connection between the two approaches, as well as a priori estimates and applications.Comment: 13 page

On dimension reduction in Gaussian filters

A priori dimension reduction is a widely adopted technique for reducing the computational complexity of stationary inverse problems. In this setting, the solution of an inverse problem is parameterized by a low-dimensional basis that is often obtained from the truncated Karhunen-Loeve expansion of the prior distribution. For high-dimensional inverse problems equipped with smoothing priors, this technique can lead to drastic reductions in parameter dimension and significant computational savings. In this paper, we extend the concept of a priori dimension reduction to non-stationary inverse problems, in which the goal is to sequentially infer the state of a dynamical system. Our approach proceeds in an offline-online fashion. We first identify a low-dimensional subspace in the state space before solving the inverse problem (the offline phase), using either the method of "snapshots" or regularized covariance estimation. Then this subspace is used to reduce the computational complexity of various filtering algorithms - including the Kalman filter, extended Kalman filter, and ensemble Kalman filter - within a novel subspace-constrained Bayesian prediction-and-update procedure (the online phase). We demonstrate the performance of our new dimension reduction approach on various numerical examples. In some test cases, our approach reduces the dimensionality of the original problem by orders of magnitude and yields up to two orders of magnitude in computational savings

Entropy Encoding, Hilbert Space and Karhunen-Loeve Transforms

By introducing Hilbert space and operators, we show how probabilities, approximations and entropy encoding from signal and image processing allow precise formulas and quantitative estimates. Our main results yield orthogonal bases which optimize distinct measures of data encoding.Comment: 25 pages, 1 figur

Local C-Reactive Protein Expression in Obliterative Lesions and the Bronchial Wall in Posttransplant Obliterative Bronchiolitis

The local immunoreactivity of C-reactive protein (CRP) was studied in a heterotopic porcine model of posttranplant obliterative bronchiolitis (OB). Bronchial allografts and control autografts were examined serially 2–28 days after subcutaneous transplantation. The autografts stayed patent. In the allografts, proliferation of inflammatory cells (P < .0001) and fibroblasts (P = .02) resulted in occlusion of the bronchial lumens (P < .01). Influx of CD4+ (P < .001) and CD8+ (P < .0001) cells demonstrated allograft immune response. CRP positivity simultaneously increased in the bronchial walls (P < .01), in macrophages, myofibroblasts, and endothelial cells. Local CRP was predictive of features characteristic of OB (R = 0.456–0.879, P < .05−P < .0001). Early obliterative lesions also showed CRP positivity, but not mature, collagen-rich obliterative plugs (P < .05). During OB development, CRP is localized in inflammatory cells, myofibroblasts and endothelial cells probably as a part of the local inflammatory response

Medico-legal autopsy in postoperative hemodynamic collapse following coronary artery bypass surgery

Sudden unexpected postoperative hemodynamic collapse with a high mortality develops in 1–3% of patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG). The contribution of surgical graft complications to this serious condition is poorly known and their demonstration at autopsy is a challenging task. Isolated CABG was performed in 8,807 patients during 1988–1999. Of the patients, 76 (0.9%) developed sudden postoperative hemodynamic collapse resulting in subsequent emergency reopening of the median sternotomy and open cardiac massage. Further emergency reoperation could be performed in 62 (82%) whereas 14 patients died prior to reoperation and a further 21 did not survive the reoperation or died a few days later. All 35 (46%) patients who did not survive were subjected to medico-legal autopsy combined with postmortem cast angiography. By combining clinical data with autopsy and angiography data, various types of graft complications were observed in 27 (36%, 1.3 per patient) of the 76 patients with hemodynamic collapse. There were no significant differences in the frequency (33 vs. 40%) or number of complicated grafts per patient (1.2 vs. 1.4) between those who survived reoperation and who did not. Autopsy detected 25 major and minor findings not diagnosed clinically. Postmortem cast angiography visualized 2 graft twists not possible to detect by autopsy dissection only. Surgical graft complications were the most frequent single cause for sudden postoperative hemodynamic collapse in CABG patients leading to a fatal outcome in almost half of the cases. Postmortem angiography improved the accuracy of autopsy diagnostics of graft complications

Data Mining and Machine Learning in Astronomy

We review the current state of data mining and machine learning in astronomy. 'Data Mining' can have a somewhat mixed connotation from the point of view of a researcher in this field. If used correctly, it can be a powerful approach, holding the potential to fully exploit the exponentially increasing amount of available data, promising great scientific advance. However, if misused, it can be little more than the black-box application of complex computing algorithms that may give little physical insight, and provide questionable results. Here, we give an overview of the entire data mining process, from data collection through to the interpretation of results. We cover common machine learning algorithms, such as artificial neural networks and support vector machines, applications from a broad range of astronomy, emphasizing those where data mining techniques directly resulted in improved science, and important current and future directions, including probability density functions, parallel algorithms, petascale computing, and the time domain. We conclude that, so long as one carefully selects an appropriate algorithm, and is guided by the astronomical problem at hand, data mining can be very much the powerful tool, and not the questionable black box.Comment: Published in IJMPD. 61 pages, uses ws-ijmpd.cls. Several extra figures, some minor additions to the tex

Geographical variation in \u3ci\u3ePlasmodium vivax\u3c/i\u3e relapse

Background: Plasmodium vivax has the widest geographic distribution of the human malaria parasites and nearly 2.5 billion people live at risk of infection. The control of P. vivax in individuals and populations is complicated by its ability to relapse weeks to months after initial infection. Strains of P. vivax from different geographical areas are thought to exhibit varied relapse timings. In tropical regions strains relapse quickly (three to six weeks), whereas those in temperate regions do so more slowly (six to twelve months), but no comprehensive assessment of evidence has been conducted. Here observed patterns of relapse periodicity are used to generate predictions of relapse incidence within geographic regions representative of varying parasite transmission. Methods: A global review of reports of P. vivax relapse in patients not treated with a radical cure was conducted. Records of time to first P. vivax relapse were positioned by geographic origin relative to expert opinion regions of relapse behaviour and epidemiological zones. Mixed-effects meta-analysis was conducted to determine which geographic classification best described the data, such that a description of the pattern of relapse periodicity within each region could be described. Model outputs of incidence and mean time to relapse were mapped to illustrate the global variation in relapse. Results: Differences in relapse periodicity were best described by a historical geographic classification system used to describe malaria transmission zones based on areas sharing zoological and ecological features. Maps of incidence and time to relapse showed high relapse frequency to be predominant in tropical regions and prolonged relapse in temperate areas. Conclusions: The results indicate that relapse periodicity varies systematically by geographic region and are categorized by nine global regions characterized by similar malaria transmission dynamics. This indicates that relapse may be an adaptation evolved to exploit seasonal changes in vector survival and therefore optimize transmission. Geographic patterns in P. vivax relapse are important to clinicians treating individual infections, epidemiologists trying to infer P. vivax burden, and public health officials trying to control and eliminate the disease in human populations