Allergic Rhinitis: Current and Future Treatment Options

DergiPark: 379048tmsjAllergic rhinitis is an inflammation of nasal mucosa occurring in previously sensitized people after exposure to an offending allergen due to specific IgE antibody production. The main symptoms involve nasal obstruction, rhinorrhea, sneezing and itching. Moreover, allergic rhinitis has a significant impact on a person’s quality of life, affecting physical, emotional and social well-being. The pathophysiology of allergic rhinitis is complicated and involves numerous changes within the immune system, including activation and differentiation of various immune cells, degranulation of basophils and mast cells, production of IgE antibodies, cytokines and chemokines, immune cell migration into the site of allergic inflammation. Various treatment options, such as topical glucocorticoids, oral or topical antihistamines, oral leukotriene receptor antagonists, mast cell membrane stabilizers, decongestants, as well as allergen specific immunotherapy and monoclonal anti-IgE antibody are currently available and even more methods are under investigation. The purpose of this article is to review epidemiology, clinical significance, pathophysiology and current and future treatment options for the allergic rhinitis

Hookah Lounge Bar Business Plan

Calpe is a wonderful touristic town in the county of Alicante in Spain. With every time it receives more and more people from all over Europe, especially from Holland, Germany, United Kingdom, Belgium, France and Russia. Therefore, the appearance of high-class places, able to satisfy needs of all the customers, with good service is essential. Calpe is located on the Costa Blanca on the Mediterranean Sea and tourists demand for the unforgettable memories on their vacation. From this observation has been produced the idea of writing a business plan and opening a hookah lounge bar in Calpe. The main aim of this thesis is to build a business plan for the future lounge bar of the author and one more new-coming entrepreneur from London along with the purpose of creating a lounge place, where people are able to get relaxed, enjoy hookah and drinks, made based on the clients’ preferences, wonderful views and music. The purpose is to strengthen touristic market in Calpe and improve its leisure. The lounge bar is named „Hookah Space“ and will be legally operating after finding an angel investor or taking a bank loan and afterwards company registration. The concept of the lounge bar is focusing on a combination of high-quality leisure place, which will have a high and friendly service providing big selection of cocktails, quality-made hookahs and unique chill-out and lounge music, which will make people feel comfortable and come back repeatedly. The modern high-class lounge bar is expected to enter in the near future into a competitive market on the Costa Blanca, especially in Calpe. In the thesis, different research methods have been used, such as benchmarking analysis, interview and survey. The interview has been done through Skype with the owner of a leisure place in Calpe to make a research, go through new ideas and thoughts to run a lounge bar by developing it even better, in which all the customers would be interested. What is more, the survey has been done too. The responding process took place as in Calpe as on the north of Europe, Estonia and Finland. This way getting feedbacks from people of different nationalities and creating something common, not only for foreigners but also for local residents. At the same time, qualitative meth-ods were used, like and observation method, thank to which a strong business model was established

Hybrids of Ixodes ricinus and Ixodes persulcatus ticks effectively acquire and transmit tick-borne encephalitis virus

Ixodes rici nus and Ixodes persulcatus ticks are the main vectors of tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), which has three main subtypes connected with certain tick species: the European subtype, associated with I. ricinus, and the Siberian and Far-Eastern subtypes, associated with I. persulcatus. Distribution ranges of these species overlap and form large sympatric areas in the East European Plain and Baltic countries. It has previously been shown that crossing of I. ricinus and I. persulcatus is possible, with the appearance of sterile hybrids. Hybridization of ticks can affect not only the spread of ticks but also the properties of natural foci of arbovirus infections, in particular TBEV. In the present study, we analyzed the effectiveness of virus transmission from infected mice to larvae and nymphs and trans-stadial transmission (from larvae to nymph and adult) in I. ricinus, I. persulcatus, and hybrids. For this purpose, we bred a hybrid generation from the crossing of I. persulcatus females and I. ricinus males, and we used the Siberian and European subtypes of TBEV. We showed that after feeding on infected mice, virus prevalence in engorged ticks decreased over time, and after molting, the opposite was true. In hybrids we observed the highest acquisition effectiveness and RNA copy numbers during Siberian TBEV subtype transmission. The efficiency of trans-stadial transmission of both TBEV subtypes was similar in hybrids and parental species. After the second trans-stadial TBEV transmission, a significant increase in ticks’ infection rates was observed only in specific subtype-tick combination. Our data demonstrate the possible features of TBEV circulation in the I. ricinus and I. persulcatus sympatry area

Experimental Evaluation of the Protective Efficacy of Tick-Borne Encephalitis (TBE) Vaccines Based on European and Far-Eastern TBEV Strains in Mice and in Vitro

Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE), caused by the TBE virus (TBEV), is a serious public health threat in northern Eurasia. Three subtypes of TBEV are distinguished. Inactivated vaccines are available for TBE prophylaxis, and their efficacy to prevent the disease has been demonstrated by years of implication. Nevertheless, rare TBE cases among the vaccinated have been registered. The present study aimed to evaluate the protective efficacy of 4 TBEV vaccines against naturally circulating TBEV variants. For the first time, the protection was evaluated against an extended number of phylogenetically distinct TBEV strains isolated in different years in different territories. The protective effect did not strongly depend on the infectious dose of the challenge virus or the scheme of vaccination. All vaccines induced neutralizing antibodies in protective titers against the TBEV strains used, although the vaccines varied in the spectra of induced antibodies and protective efficacy. The protective efficacy of the vaccines depended on the individual properties of the vaccine strain and the challenge virus, rather than on the subtypes. The neutralization efficiency appeared to be dependent not only on the presence of antibodies to particular epitopes and the amino acid composition of the virion surface but also on the intrinsic properties of the challenge virus E protein structure

Microevolution of tick-borne encephalitis virus in course of host alternation

AbstractTwo tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus variants were studied: mouse brain-adapted strain EK-328 and its derivate adapted to Hyalomma marginatum ticks. The tick-adapted virus exhibited small-plaque phenotype and slower replication in PEK cells, higher yield in ticks, decreased neuroinvasiveness in mice, increased binding to heparin-sepharose. A total of 15 nucleotide substitutions distinguished genomes of these variants, six substitutions resulted in protein sequence alterations, and two were in 5′NTR. Two amino acid substitutions in E protein were responsible for the observed phenotypic differences. Data obtained during reverse passaging of the tick-adapted virus in vivo and in vitro suggest that TBE virus exists as a heterogeneous population that contains virus variants most adapted to reproduction in either ticks or mammals. Host switch results in a change in the ratio of these variants in the population. Plaque purification of the tick-adapted virus resulted in the prompt emergence of new mutants with different virulence for mammals

Precise tracking of vaccine-responding T-cell clones reveals convergent and personalized response in identical twins

T-cell receptor (TCR) repertoire data contain information about infections that could be used in disease diagnostics and vaccine development, but extracting that information remains a major challenge. Here we developed a statistical framework to detect TCR clone proliferation and contraction from longitudinal repertoire data. We applied this framework to data from three pairs of identical twins immunized with the yellow fever vaccine. We identified 500-1500 responding TCRs in each donor and validated them using three independent assays. While the responding TCRs were mostly private, albeit with higher overlap between twins, they could be well predicted using a classifier based on sequence similarity. Our method can also be applied to samples obtained post-infection, making it suitable for systematic discovery of new infection-specific TCRs in the clinic

THE ACOUSTOOPTIC EFFECTS IN THE VOLUME HOLOGRAMS AND ITS USE AT THE INFORMATION OPTIC PROCESSING

The purpose of the work: the investigation of physical peculiarities of building of the optic conforming filters of the complex high-frequency signals, based on use of the direct interaction of the hologram and acoustic volume diffraction structures in optic medium. The specific peculiarities and the laws of the light diffraction on the acoustically deformed hologram grid have been revealed. The results of the investigation can be used in the development of the practical devices of the conformed filtration of the complex high-frequency signals in the radiolocation, communication and other systems of the information optic processingAvailable from VNTIC / VNTIC - Scientific & Technical Information Centre of RussiaSIGLERURussian Federatio