Glutathione S-Transferase M1 Genetic Polymorphism Is Associated With Salivary 17-βestradiol Levels: A Study Based On Hormonal Profiles From Entire Menstrual Cycles

Introduction: Studies suggest that enzymes involved in the estrogen metabolic pathway are susceptibility factors for breast cancer; however, there is limited direct evidence in relation to estradiol levels. The glutathione-S-transferase M1 enzyme (GSTM1) enzyme is involved in estrogen peroxidation, and a shortage seems to enhance estrogen exposure. A homozygous deletion of the GSTM1 gene leads to total absence of enzyme activity, and studies indicate that an association with breast cancer risk may be modified by body mass. So far, parallel studies on intermediate biomarkers (i.e. estradiol) are largely missing. Thus, in the present study, we assessed the association between a GSTM1 genetic polymorphism (null/rs1065411) and daily salivary levels of 17-βestradiol throughout one entire menstrual cycle and evaluated modification of genotype effects according to metabolic profile in 190 premenopausal women aged 25-35 years. Methods: The women participated in the Energy Balance and Breast Cancer Aspects study (EBBA-I, 2000-2002) in Tromsø, North Norway (inclusion criteria: healthy, non-pregnant, non-lactating, no current use of exogenous hormones). Salivary levels of 17-βestradiol were assessed by radioimmunoassay (The Reproductive Ecology Laboratory, Harvard University). Height and weight were measured. Genomic DNA was extracted from EDTAwhole blood. GSTM1 genotyping was done on the ABI PRISM® 3100 Genetic Analyzer (Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center). The GSTM1 assay distinguishes between the GSTM1*Aallele (G nucleotide, Lys at aminoacid 173), the GSTM1*B allele (C nucleotide, Asn at aminoacid 173), and the homozygous gene deletion. Regression models were used to study the relation between genetic (null genotype versus all other alleles combined) and metabolic susceptibility factors, and levels of 17-βestradiol. Results: Mean body mass index (BMI) was 24.4 kg/m2. The homozygous gene deletion of GSTM1 had a prevalence of 52%, and the frequency of the null genotype was similar in heavy women (BMI ≥26.3 kg/m2, upper quartile) as compared to other women (p = .18). The null genotype was associated with lower levels of 17-βestradiol by cycle day compared to other alleles (p = .04). However, the association was confined to women that were normal weight to slightly overweight (p for interaction = .01). In women with BMI < 26.3 kg/m2, the null genotype was associated with significantly lower levels of 17-βestradiol by cycle day compared to other alleles (p = .02) and an 18% reduction in overall average level of 17-β estradiol throughout the cycle (p = .02), while in heavy women no association with estradiol levels was observed. Conclusion: In our study, GSTM1 genotype was a significant determinant of circulating estradiol levels in premenopausal women without marked adiposity. Thus, interestingly our results strongly support that the effect of body mass on estradiol levels and subsequent breast cancer development may be modified by GSTM1 genotype.AnthropologyHuman Evolutionary Biolog

Cruciferous vegetable feeding alters UGT1A1 activity: diet- and genotype-dependent changes in serum bilirubin in a controlled feeding trial.

Chemoprevention by isothiocyanates from cruciferous vegetables occurs partly through up-regulation of phase-II conjugating enzymes, such as UDP-glucuronosyl-transferases (UGT). UGT1A1 glucuronidates bilirubin, estrogens, and several dietary carcinogens. The UGT1A1*28 polymorphism reduces transcription compared to the wild-type, resulting in decreased enzyme activity. Isothiocyanates are metabolized by glutathione-S-transferases (GST); variants may alter isothiocyanate clearance, such that response to crucifers may vary by genotype. We evaluated, in a randomized, controlled, cross-over feeding trial in humans (n=70), 3 test diets, (single- and double-“dose” cruciferous and cruciferous plus apiaceous) compared to a fruit-and-vegetable-free basal diet. We measured serum bilirubin concentrations on days 0, 7, 11 and 14 of each 2-week feeding period to monitor UGT1A1 activity, and determined effects of UGT1A1*28 and GSTM1/GSTT1-null variants on response. Aggregate bilirubin response to all vegetable-containing diets was statistically significantly lower compared to the basal diet (p<0.03 for all). Within each UGT1A1 genotype, lower bilirubin concentrations were seen in: *1/*1 in both single and double-dose cruciferous diets compared to basal (p<0.03 for both); *1/*28 in double-dose cruciferous and cruciferous plus apiaceous compared to basal, and cruciferous plus apiaceous compared to single-dose cruciferous (p<0.02 for all); and *28/*28 in all vegetable-containing diets compared to basal (p<0.02 for all). Evaluation of the effects of diet stratified by GST genotype revealed some statistically significant genotypic differences however, the magnitude was similar and not statistically significant between genotypes. These results may have implications for altering carcinogen metabolism through dietary intervention, particularly among UGT1A1*28/*28 individuals

Tissue-specific patterns of gene expression in the epithelium and stroma of normal colon in healthy individuals in an aspirin intervention trial

AbstractRegular aspirin use reduces colon adenoma and carcinoma incidence. UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGT) are involved in aspirin metabolism and clearance, and variant alleles in UGT1A6 have been shown to alter salicylic acid metabolism and risk of colon neoplasia. In a randomized, cross-over, placebo-controlled trial of 44 healthy men and women, homozygous for UGT1A6*1 or UGT1A6*2, we explored differences between global epithelial and stromal expression, using Affymetrix U133+2.0 microarrays and tested effects of 60-day aspirin supplementation (325mg/d) on epithelial and stromal gene expression and colon prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) levels. We conducted a comprehensive study of differential gene expression between normal human colonic epithelium and stroma from healthy individuals. Although no statistically significant differences in gene expression were observed in response to aspirin or UGT1A6 genotype, we have identified the genes uniquely and reproducibly expressed in each tissue type and have analyzed the biologic processes they represent. Here we describe in detail how the data, deposited in the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) – accession number GSE71571 – was generated including the basic analysis as contained in the manuscript published in BMC Medical Genetics with the PMID 25927723 (Thomas et al., 2015 [9])

Genetic variation in prostaglandin E2 synthesis and signaling, prostaglandin dehydrogenase, and the risk of colorectal adenoma.

BACKGROUND: Prostaglandins are important inflammatory mediators; prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is the predominant prostaglandin in colorectal neoplasia and affects colorectal carcinogenesis. Prostaglandins are metabolites of omega-6 and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids; their biosynthesis is the primary target of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID), which reduce colorectal neoplasia risk. METHODS: We investigated candidate and tagSNPs in PGE2 synthase (PGES), PGE2 receptors (EP2 and EP4), and prostaglandin dehydrogenase (PGDH) in a case-control study of adenomas (n = 483) versus polyp-free controls (n = 582) and examined interactions with NSAID use or fish intake, a source of omega-3 fatty acids. RESULTS: A 30% adenoma risk reduction was observed for EP2 4950G>A (intron 1; OR(GA/AA vs. GG), 0.71; 95% confidence interval, 0.52-0.99). For the candidate polymorphism EP4 Val294Ile, increasing fish intake was associated with increased adenoma risk among those with variant genotypes, but not among those with the Val/Val genotype (P(interaction) = 0.02). An interaction with fish intake was also observed for PGES -664A>T (5' untranslated region; P(interaction) = 0.01). Decreased risk with increasing fish intake was only seen among those with the AT or TT genotypes (OR(>2 t/wk vs. A (intron 1) and PGDH 343C>A (intron 1). However, none of the observed associations was statistically significant after adjustment for multiple testing. We investigated potential gene-gene interactions using the Chatterjee 1 degree of freedom Tukey test and logic regression; neither method detected significant interactions. CONCLUSIONS: These data provide little support for associations between adenoma risk and genetic variability related to PGE(2), yet suggest gene-environment interactions with anti-inflammatory exposures

Pharmacogenetic Analysis of INT 0144 Trial: Association of Polymorphisms with Survival and Toxicity in Rectal Cancer Patients Treated with 5-FU and Radiation

PURPOSE We tested whether 18 polymorphisms in 16 genes (GSTP1, COX2, IL10, EGFR, EGF, FGFR4, CCDN1, VEGFR2, VEGF, CXCR2, IL8, MMP3, ICAM1, ERCC1, RAD51, and XRCC3) would predict disease-free survival (DFS), overall survival (OS), and toxicity in the INT0144 trial, which was designed to investigate different postoperative regimens of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)-based chemoradiation (CRT) in locally advanced rectal cancers: Arm 1 consisted of bolus 5-FU followed by 5-FU protracted venous infusion (PVI) with radiotherapy; arm 2 was induction and concomitant PVI 5-FU with radiotherapy and arm 3 was induction and concomitant bolus 5-FU with radiotherapy. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN DNA from 746 stage II/III rectal patients enrolled in the Southwest Oncology Group (SWOG) S9304 phase III trial was analyzed. Genomic DNA was extracted from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tumor tissue. The polymorphisms were analyzed using direct DNA-sequencing or polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). RESULTS GSTP1-Ile105Val (rs1695) was significantly associated with DFS and OS and its effect did not vary by treatment arm. The five-year DFS and OS were 53% and 58%, respectively, for G/G, 66% and 72% for G/A, and 57% and 66% for A/A patients. In arm 2, IL8-251A/A genotype (rs4073) was associated with a lower risk of toxicities (P = 0.04). The VEGFR2 H472Q Q/Q genotype (rs1870377) was associated with a higher risk of grade 3-5 proximal upper gastrointestinal tract (PUGIT) mucositis (P = 0.04) in arm 2. However, in arm 1, this genotype was associated with a lower risk of PUGIT mucositis (P = 0.004). CONCLUSION rs1695 may be prognostic in patients with rectal cancer treated with adjuvant CRT. rs4073 and rs1870377 may exhibit different associations with toxicity, according to the 5-FU schedule

CYP2C9 variants increase risk of colorectal adenoma recurrence and modify associations with smoking but not aspirin treatment

The cytochrome P450 2C9 enzyme (CYP2C9) is involved in metabolism of endogenous compounds, drugs and procarcinogens. Two common nonsynonymous polymorphisms in CYP2C9 are associated with reduced enzyme activity: CYP2C9*2 (rs1799853, R144C) and CYP2C9*3 (rs1057910, I359L)

BRAF Mutation Status and Survival after Colorectal Cancer Diagnosis According to Patient and Tumor Characteristics

BRAF mutations in colorectal cancer (CRC) are disproportionately observed in tumors exhibiting microsatellite instability (MSI), and are associated with other prognostic factors. The independent association between BRAF-mutation status and CRC survival, however, remains unclear

IκBKβ and NFκB1 , NSAID use and risk of colorectal cancer in the Colon Cancer Family Registry

The NFκB-signaling pathway regulates cell proliferation and inflammation. Activation of the pathway is implicated in the etiology of colorectal cancer (CRC). NSAIDs may reduce CRC risk partially through a nuclear factor-kappa B (NFκB)-dependent pathway. In this study, we investigated associations between 34 NFκB1 and 8 IκBKβ tagSNPs and CRC risk and examined interactions with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) use. Using conditional logistic regression, we investigated these associations among 1584 incident CRC cases and 2516 sibling controls from the Colon Cancer Family Registry. Three IκBKβ SNPs were associated with a statistically significant lower colorectal or colon cancer risk: rs9694958 (A>G intron 5) (colorectal: ORhzv = 0.26(0.07–0.99), Ptrend = 0.048, Padj = 0.25), rs10958713 (A>C intron 19) (colon: ORhzv = 0.62(0.42–0.92), Ptrend = 0.005, Padj = 0.03) and rs5029748 (C>A intron 2) (colon: ORhet = 0.72(0.56–0.91), Ptrend = 0.01, Padj = 0.08). We replicated trends associated with NFκB1 and IκBKβ variants identified in a previous study (rs4648110 (T>A intron 22), rs13117745 (G>A intron 5) and rs3747811 (T>A intron 1)). IκBKβ’s rs6474387 (C>T intron 20) and rs11986055 (A>C intron 2) showed substantially lower colon cancer risk among current NSAID users (Pinteraction = 0.01 and Pinteraction = 0.045, respectively), whereas NFκB1’s rs230490 (G>A 5ʹ (outside UTR)) and rs997476 (C>A 3ʹ (outside UTR)) showed higher CRC risk among current NSAID users (Pinteraction = 0.01 and Pinteraction = 0.03, respectively). These findings suggest that variants in NFκB1 and IκBKβ are associated with CRC risk and NSAIDs may function partially through an NFκB-dependent pathway. The SNPs identified here should be considered for future functional studies and may be useful in designing a pharmacogenetic approach to preventive NSAID use