Development of the Detector Tray for the Wide Field Monitor of the Large Observatory For x-ray Timing (LOFT), a medium-class candidate mission in ESA´s Cosmic Vision 2015-2025.

LOFT, the Large Observatory For X-ray Timing, has recently pass the ESA call as one of the four M3 mission candidates that will complete for a launch opportunity at the start of the 2020s. The primary goal of the mission is to study strongfield gravity, black hole masses and spins, and the equation of state of ultra-dense matter via high-time-resolution X-ray observations of compact objects. Two instruments will be comprised in the scientific payload of LOFT: the Large Area Detector (LAD) a 12 m2 collimated Xray detector in the 2-30 keV range, with unprecedented timing capabilities, and the Wide Field Monitor (WFM), a coded-mask wide field X-ray monitor. Both instruments are based on silicon drift detectors. The main scope of WFM is to catch good triggering sources to be pointed with LAD, but it will also have its own science programme. The Pre-prototype development of the Detector Tray creating the 3D digital model will need to meet the following requirements: - Alignment of 4 Silicon Drift Detectors (SDDs) with 4 degrees of freedom forming the flat detector plane and its alignment with coded mask with high precision; - Maintain the geometry within working temperatures from -30°C to -20°. Select the materials with low CTE (Coefficient of Thermal Expansion) and with high Heat Transfer Coefficient (HTC) to be used. Mechanical and thermal computing simulations will be performed in order to verify the fulfillment of the requirements

Development of the Detector Tray for the Wide Field Monitor of the Large Observatory For x-ray Timing (LOFT), a medium-class candidate mission in ESA´s Cosmic Vision 2015-2025.

LOFT, the Large Observatory For X-ray Timing, has recently pass the ESA call as one of the four M3 mission candidates that will complete for a launch opportunity at the start of the 2020s. The primary goal of the mission is to study strongfield gravity, black hole masses and spins, and the equation of state of ultra-dense matter via high-time-resolution X-ray observations of compact objects. Two instruments will be comprised in the scientific payload of LOFT: the Large Area Detector (LAD) a 12 m2 collimated Xray detector in the 2-30 keV range, with unprecedented timing capabilities, and the Wide Field Monitor (WFM), a coded-mask wide field X-ray monitor. Both instruments are based on silicon drift detectors. The main scope of WFM is to catch good triggering sources to be pointed with LAD, but it will also have its own science programme. The Pre-prototype development of the Detector Tray creating the 3D digital model will need to meet the following requirements: - Alignment of 4 Silicon Drift Detectors (SDDs) with 4 degrees of freedom forming the flat detector plane and its alignment with coded mask with high precision; - Maintain the geometry within working temperatures from -30°C to -20°. Select the materials with low CTE (Coefficient of Thermal Expansion) and with high Heat Transfer Coefficient (HTC) to be used. Mechanical and thermal computing simulations will be performed in order to verify the fulfillment of the requirements

Development of the Detector Tray for the Wide Field Monitor of the Large Observatory For x-ray Timing (LOFT), a medium-class candidate mission in ESA´s Cosmic Vision 2015-2025.

LOFT, the Large Observatory For X-ray Timing, has recently pass the ESA call as one of the four M3 mission candidates that will complete for a launch opportunity at the start of the 2020s. The primary goal of the mission is to study strongfield gravity, black hole masses and spins, and the equation of state of ultra-dense matter via high-time-resolution X-ray observations of compact objects. Two instruments will be comprised in the scientific payload of LOFT: the Large Area Detector (LAD) a 12 m2 collimated Xray detector in the 2-30 keV range, with unprecedented timing capabilities, and the Wide Field Monitor (WFM), a coded-mask wide field X-ray monitor. Both instruments are based on silicon drift detectors. The main scope of WFM is to catch good triggering sources to be pointed with LAD, but it will also have its own science programme. The Pre-prototype development of the Detector Tray creating the 3D digital model will need to meet the following requirements: - Alignment of 4 Silicon Drift Detectors (SDDs) with 4 degrees of freedom forming the flat detector plane and its alignment with coded mask with high precision; - Maintain the geometry within working temperatures from -30°C to -20°. Select the materials with low CTE (Coefficient of Thermal Expansion) and with high Heat Transfer Coefficient (HTC) to be used. Mechanical and thermal computing simulations will be performed in order to verify the fulfillment of the requirements

Application Of The Denitrification-Decomposition (DNDC) Model To Retrospective Analysis Of The Carbon Cycle Components In Agrolandscapes Of The Central Forest Zone Of European Russia

The retrospective  dynamics  of major components  of the carbon cycle under land use changes in the Central Forest zone of European Russia was investigated. This area is known as one of the most important agricultural and economical regions of the country. We applied the process-based simulation model DNDC (DeNitrification-DeComposition) recommended  by UNCCC and world widely used.  In  this study the DNDC model was parameterized  for Russian arable soils using official statistical information and data taken from published sources. Three main carbon  variables in agrolandscapes were modelled: soil organic carbon, soil respiration, and net ecosystem exchange over the period of 1990-2017. For the analysis  six administrative regions  were selected:  three with unchanged (permanent)  arable land structure   (Kaluga,  Moscow,  and Yaroslavl),  and other three with changed crop rotation (Kostroma, Smolensk, and Tver). All regions in the study are characterized by homogeneous  soil cover and similar cultivated crops. The results of the modelling were verified using the data from field CO2 fluxes observations in the European part of Russia. In growing  season, the agrolandscapes function as a net carbon  sink and accumulate C from the atmosphere  into plant biomass. The dynamics of organic carbon in soil under growing  crops depends on organic  fertilizers in cultivation  technologies, and if they aren’t inputted, soil loses carbon. During the last 30 years the cumulative rates of net ecosystem exchange and soil respiration had decreased  mostly due to reduction of arable land area. CO2 emission and soil organic carbon  losses are the most important controls of land degradation.  Based on the dynamic  patterns of CO2  fluxes, the regions of the Central  Forest zone could be separated into two groups. The group with central location characterized  by intensive  soil respiration  and high rate of accumulation  of organic carbon  in soil, whereas peripheral group characterized by losses of soil organic carbon and low rates of soil respiration. According  to the modelling, within the period of observations the inter-annual changes of carbon fluxes are mainly controlled by rising air temperature and heat supply, variable precipitation, and increasing concentration  of CO2 in the atmosphere. Among human activity the most important are change of arable land area and decreasing amount of fertilizers

Criminal Legal Protection of Genetic Data of the Person: To Statement of a Problem

Today genetic data of the person are a huge source of information on people. Unprecedentedly rapid progress demonstrates that possibly we will be able shortly to predict with a much bigger accuracy such signs as the state of health, the academic progress, specific features of the personality and behavior. The ultraprecise information taken from genetic data on the person is very valuable, but at the same time, it bears certain risks for certain people. For example, such information can be used for manipulations with insurance premiums, in questions of employment, the educational sphere, questions of development of the child, in law-enforcement activity and also in other areas of human rights. It leads to statement of questions of ethical and legal character, including, the abuses connected with prevention, unauthorzsed use and even unreasonable restriction of the rights and freedoms of the person (discrimination), including on biological signs. The important role in the solution of these questions belongs to guarding branches of the right and criminal law, in particular. Task of authors when writing article was implementation of the analysis of "the international standards in the sphere of a turn of genetic data on the person" and the existing Russian legislation in the part relating to protection of the personal and genetic data of the person. In the course of work on article the following methods have been used: comparative and legal, dialectic, formal and logical. Subject of article was the analysis of norms in the international legal acts, norms in the existing criminal and regulatory legislation of Russia and definition of the directions of improvement of the mechanism of criminal legal protection of genetic data of the person. As a result of the analysis authors have come to a conclusion that in "the international standards in the sphere of a turn of genetic data on the person", genetic data contact human right on respect of human dignity and the right to personal privacy; genetic data of the person belong to personal data and treatment of them has to have confidential character. The Russian legislation and its official interpretation conform to the international standards in the considered sphere. It is noted that genetic data of the person directly aren't mentioned in the criminal legisla- tion of Russia. The conclusion is drawn that their criminal legal protection can be carried out by means of reference of genetic data of the person to category of special personal data – to biometric personal data which is a personal secret. Suggestions for improvement of the criminal legislation and practice of its uniform application regarding protection of genetic data of the person are formulated. In the conclusion it is noted that the question of character and degree of public danger of an illegal turn of genetic data on the person needs additional study

Effect of Post-Deformation Annealing on Structure and Properties of Nickel-Enriched Ti-Ni Shape Memory Alloy Deformed in Various Initially Deformation-Induced Structure States

The effect of post-deformation annealing (PDA) of nickel-enriched Ti-50.9 at.% Ni shape memory alloy deformed in various initially deformation-induced structure states on the structure and properties was studied. The phase composition, temperature ranges of martensitic transformations and structure were studied using X-ray diffractometry and TEM. Mechanical and functional properties were determined using Vickers hardness tests and thermomechanical method using a bending mode for recovery strain inducing. The PDA at 430 °C (1 h) of the nickel-enriched Ti-Ni SMA with the dynamically recovered, dynamically polygonized or dynamically recrystallized structures after compressing deformation leads to the precipitation of finely dispersed (nanosized) Ti3Ni4 particles. The most significant increase of the completely recoverable strain (from 8.8 to 11.8%) and shape recovery rate (from 88 to 100%) as compared to the reference treatment is observed after PDA of the alloy with the dynamically polygonized structure

Effect of Post-Deformation Annealing on Structure and Properties of Nickel-Enriched Ti-Ni Shape Memory Alloy Deformed in Various Initially Deformation-Induced Structure States

The effect of post-deformation annealing (PDA) of nickel-enriched Ti-50.9 at.% Ni shape memory alloy deformed in various initially deformation-induced structure states on the structure and properties was studied. The phase composition, temperature ranges of martensitic transformations and structure were studied using X-ray diffractometry and TEM. Mechanical and functional properties were determined using Vickers hardness tests and thermomechanical method using a bending mode for recovery strain inducing. The PDA at 430 °C (1 h) of the nickel-enriched Ti-Ni SMA with the dynamically recovered, dynamically polygonized or dynamically recrystallized structures after compressing deformation leads to the precipitation of finely dispersed (nanosized) Ti3Ni4 particles. The most significant increase of the completely recoverable strain (from 8.8 to 11.8%) and shape recovery rate (from 88 to 100%) as compared to the reference treatment is observed after PDA of the alloy with the dynamically polygonized structure

Approach to resource management and physical strength predict differences in helping: Evidence from two small-scale societies

Helping behavior is likely to have evolved to increase chances of survival of an individual and their group. Nevertheless, populations differ significantly in their eagerness to help, and little is known about populational and inter-individual determinants of these differences. Previous studies indicated that economic and physiological factors might influence helping behavior. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of approach to resource management of a society (immediate-return economy vs. delayed-return economy), prenatal androgenization (based on second-to-fourth digit ratio), and physical strength (based on hand grip strength) on helping behavior toward others. Helping was assessed in terms of both general eagerness to help and differential helping toward: (1) kin, (2) other group members indiscriminately, (3) friends, and (4) those from whom help was obtained in the past. Based on data collected in two small-scale societies (n = 306), we found that people in the egalitarian immediate-return society (the Hadza hunter-gatherers of Tanzania) displayed helping behavior significantly more often than people in a more stratified delayed-return economy (Yali horticulturalists of Papua). Additionally, our results revealed that physical strength was a significant predictor of helping behavior in women but not in men. We discuss our findings in the light of the adaptive value of helping behavior

Potential of Chemically Synthesized Oligosaccharides To Define the Carbohydrate Moieties of the Fungal Cell Wall Responsible for the Human Immune Response, Using Aspergillus fumigatus Galactomannan as a Model

International audienceMethodologies to identify epitopes or ligands of the fungal cell wall polysaccharides influencing the immune response of human pathogens have to date been imperfect. Using the galactomannan (GM) of Aspergillus fumigatus as a model, we have shown that synthetic oligosaccharides of distinct structures representing key fragments of cell wall polysaccharides are the most precise tools to study the serological and immunomodulatory properties of a fungal polysaccharide