65 research outputs found
Of law and land and the scope of Charter rights
Lâapplication extraterritoriale de la Charte canadienne des droits et libertĂ©s soulĂšve la question du rĂŽle du principe de territorialitĂ© dans la dĂ©termination de lâĂ©tendue des droits constitutionnels. De façon plus gĂ©nĂ©rale, elle soulĂšve la question du rapport entre territoire et droit. Cette thĂšse explore, dans un premier temps, les jalons de la mĂ©thodologie territorialiste en abordant les prĂ©misses qui sous-tendent lâascension du principe de territorialitĂ© comme paradigme juridique dominant. Les anomalies de ce paradigme sont par la suite prĂ©sentĂ©es, de façon Ă illustrer un affaiblissement du principe de territorialitĂ©. Par la suite, lâauteure entreprend de dĂ©terminer le rĂŽle du principe de territorialitĂ© dans lâĂ©tablissement de lâespace occupĂ© par la Charte canadienne des droits et libertĂ©s en situation dâextraterritorialitĂ©. Les dĂ©veloppements jurisprudentiels rĂ©cents attestent de la prĂ©dominance du paradigme territorial, mais de nombreuses difficultĂ©s dâapplication sont rencontrĂ©es. AprĂšs avoir testĂ© la viabilitĂ© de ce paradigme, lâauteure entreprend de dĂ©finir un nouveau cadre analytique permettant de rĂ©pondre Ă la question de lâapplication de la Charte en situation dâextraterritorialitĂ© sans se rĂ©fĂ©rer Ă la position gĂ©ographique du demandeur, ni Ă son appartenance Ă une certaine communautĂ© politique prĂ©-dĂ©terminĂ©e. Ce cadre repose sur une conceptualisation de la notion dâautoritĂ© Ă©tatique transcendant lâexercice dâun pouvoir coercitif de lâĂtat fixĂ© Ă lâintĂ©rieur de ses limites territoriales. Une autoritĂ© relationnelle, qui sâappuie sur lâidĂ©e que tout pouvoir Ă©tatique tire sa source de la Constitution et, consĂ©quemment, doit ĂȘtre assujetti Ă son contrĂŽle.This thesis is about the relationship between law and territory, and more particularly, about the relationship between the principle of territoriality and the scope of Charter rights. The author first introduces territoriality as dominant legal paradigm and analyses its underlying premises. The challenges that territoriality and methodological territorialism have recently faced are also examined. The purpose of the first part of this thesis is to show that the territorial paradigm is not immune to challenge, and to provide conceptual tools to get out of the âterritorial trapâ. The author then looks at how, and to what extent, territoriality currently shapes the scope of Charter rights. By analysing cases on point, the author concludes that although territoriality is, officially, the answer to the question of the scope of Charter rights, in practice, the principle does not provide sufficient guidance to the judiciary. The territorial principleâs normative weaknesses are added to its practical inability to determine the scope of Charter rights. In order to examine potential alternatives to the territorial principle, the author examines the parallel debate regarding the extraterritorial scope of American constitutional rights. American courts, rather than endorsing strict territoriaity, emphasize either the membership of the claimant (the subject of constitutional litigation), the limitations on state actions (the object of constitutional litigation), or pragmatic concerns in order to determine whether a constitutional protection applies in an extraterritorial context. The author then proceeds to examining how an alternative model could be developed in Canada in the context of extraterritorial Charter cases. She argues that the personal entitlement approach, when superimposed on the territorial paradigm, brings more injustice, not less, in that people can be sufficiently related to Canada to trigger a state action, but insufficiently connected to trigger Charter protection, hence creating a state of asymmetry. She also argues that territoriality, if understood in Westphalian terms, leads to the belief that a state action is not an action within the authority of the Canadian government if it is conducted outside of Canada, hence shielding these actions from constitutional srcutiny. The model the author advocates is based on a notion of relational authority and it seeks to emphasize not the place where a government act is performed, nor the identity of the persons subject to it, but the idea that any exercise of government power is potentially amenable to constitutional scrutiny
La médecine familiale vue par des jeunes omnipraticiens : rejet de la vocation et de la continuité des soins
Titre : La médecine familiale vue par des jeunes omnipraticiens : rejet de la vocation et de la continuité des soins.
Alors quâune proportion prĂ©occupante de quĂ©bĂ©cois et canadiens nâa pas accĂšs Ă un mĂ©decin de famille et que les efforts se multiplient pour rĂ©soudre cette situation problĂ©matique, les jeunes omnipraticiens optent de plus en plus pour des profils de pratique spĂ©cialisĂ©s, dĂ©laissant la
continuité de soins.
Nous avons interviewé 18 jeunes médecins de famille présentant un profil de pratique
surspĂ©cialisĂ© et analysĂ© leur propos avec une mĂ©thodologie qualitative. Ce mĂ©moire propose, Ă lâaide dâune approche de thĂ©orisation ancrĂ©e, une thĂ©orie empiriquement fondĂ©e permettant de
mieux comprendre ce phénomÚne, ses origines et ses conséquences.
Nos observations nous amÚnent à proposer la théorie suivante : les jeunes omnipraticiens
urgentistes sont des professionnels autonomes dynamiques et changeants : ils sont non-fixĂ©s personnellement et non-fixĂ©s professionnellement. Leur systĂšme de valeur (qualitĂ© de vie et libertĂ©, compĂ©tence, performance, valorisation et satisfaction) constitue lâargument principal de leurs choix professionnels et de leur conception de leurs rĂŽles et responsabilitĂ©s : ils sont donc mus primairement par des intĂ©rĂȘts individualistes. Ă ce stade-ci de leur vie et de leur carriĂšre, la responsabilitĂ© sociale et le sens du devoir envers la population ne figurent pas parmi leurs valeurs fondamentales.
Cette thĂ©orie novatrice qui propose que leurs choix professionnels se basent dâabord et avant tout sur leurs valeurs permet de mieux comprendre pourquoi les efforts actuels de valorisation de la mĂ©decine familiale ne gĂ©nĂšrent pas les rĂ©sultats escomptĂ©s. Nous proposons une nouvelle
comprĂ©hension du sens, de lâorigine et des implications des choix professionnels des jeunes gĂ©nĂ©ralistes tant aux plans pĂ©dagogique, professionnel que de santĂ© populationnelle.Title: Young GPs' View of Family Medicine: Rejecting Vocation and Continuity of Care.
Despite multiple attempts by medical authorities and faculties of medicine across Canada to remedy the acute shortage of family physicians in Canada, such a shortage is currently aggravated by the career choices of young family physicians that choose more and more to practice in
subspecialized disciplines. We interviewed 18 young family physicians and analysed their views using a grounded theory approach to better understand this phenomenon, its origins and its consequences.
Young generalists are autonomous professionals constantly engaged in a dynamic redefinition of their personal and professional ties. Their conception of the role they play and the responsibilities
that are incumbent upon them, as well and the choices they make are based on certain core values. Those values include liberty, competence, performance/efficiency, valorisation and satisfaction. Their interests and goals are therefore primarily individualist ones. At this moment in
their lives and careers, social responsibility and the sense of duty towards the population are simply not among their core priorities.
This innovative theory sheds light on young generalists' values and the perception they have of their roles and responsibilities. Our analysis offers therefore a new understanding of their career choices. It helps grasp why current attempts to value family medicine are not successful and
proposes new pedagogical and organisational ideas for addressing this issue
Saint Paul sur le chemin de Nietzsche
Le présent mémoire porte sur la critique nietzschéenne du christianisme et vise à cerner ses
points dâancrage, son dĂ©ploiement, sa portĂ©e et ses consĂ©quences, autant sur lâhistoire de
lâOccident que sur la pensĂ©e du philosophe. Dans un premier chapitre, lâauteur reconstitue
les grandes lignes des portraits que Nietzsche fait de JĂ©sus et de saint Paul. Ce faisant, nous
aurons lâoccasion dâĂ©valuer dans quelle mesure la contribution nietzschĂ©enne est dans un
rapport de dĂ©pendance et de rupture avec lâexĂ©gĂšse de son Ă©poque. Nous illustrerons alors
en quoi, pour Nietzsche, la théologie paulinienne se distancie du message de Jésus. Ensuite,
nous verrons de quelle maniÚre la critique nietzschéenne est intimement liée à la survivance
dâun hĂ©ritage protestant: il sera ici question dâĂ©valuer comment Nietzsche se positionne face
Ă Luther et Ă sa RĂ©forme. Enfin, nous exposerons les raisons pour lesquelles Dionysos et
lâĂternel retour peuvent et doivent ĂȘtre considĂ©rĂ©s comme les piliers dâune contre-doctrine
qui se veut aussi originale quâantichrĂ©tienne. En Ă©valuant comment et pourquoi, chez
Nietzsche, le retournement du paulinisme mĂšne Ă la concomitance dâune reviviscence du
divin et dâune sĂ©cularisation de la philosophie, nous terminerons notre traversĂ©e en situant la
pensĂ©e du philosophe allemand face Ă lâhistoire du christianisme et de lâathĂ©isme.This Masterâs Thesis focuses on Nietzscheâs critique of christianism and seeks to establish its
foundations, scope and consequences, both on History and on Nietzscheâs work. The first
part will look at the portraits Nietzsche brushed of the figures of Jesus and Saint Paul. In
doing so, the author will demonstrate that the account made by Nietzsche, although relying
on it actually breaches the exegis of the time. The contrast between paulinian theology and
the message of Jesus will be illustrated. In the second part, the author looks at the way
Nietzscheâs critique is closely linked to protestant reform and its heritage, by measuring
Nietzscheâs views with relation to both Luther and the Reform. The last part will
demonstrate why the figure of Dionysus and the Eternal Return may, and ought to, be
considered as the pillars of an original anti-christian counterdoctrine. In the end, the role of
Nietzsche in the larger context of the history of christianism and atheism will be assessed by
addressing the reasons why, in Nietzscheâs philosophy, the transvaluation of values leads to
both a revival of the divine and the rise of secular philosophy
Patient Safety in the World
AbstractPatient safety is a fundamental principle of health care. However, many medical practices and risks associated with health care are emerging as major challenges for patient safety globally and contribute significantly to the burden of harm due to unsafe care. Available evidence suggests hospitalizations in low- and middle-income countries lead annually to 134 million adverse events, contributing to 2.6 million deaths. About 134 million adverse events worldwide give rise to 2.6 million deaths every year. Estimates indicate that in high-income countries, about 1 in 10 patients is harmed while receiving hospital care. This problem affects both high-income countries and low- and middle countries even if priorities and issues may differ. The most important adverse events concern medication procedures, healthcare-associated infections, surgical procedures, injection safety, blood transfusions, venous thromboembolism, sepsis, and diagnostic and radiation errors. Since 1999 when the Institute of Medicine (IOM) published its report "To err is human," some progress has been made but patient harm is still a daily problem in healthcare. As a matter of fact, new threats are emerging due to population aging, along with new treatments and technologies which must be dealt with in addition to still-unresolved, long-standing problems. In this context, it is very important to adopt an international common strategy that creates networks, shares knowledge, programs, tools, good practices and develop and track indicators focusing on the specific priorities of each country and region
De la structure constitutionnelle dans le Renvoi relatif au Sénat : vers une gestalt constitutionnelle?
En matiĂšre dâinterprĂ©tation constitutionnelle canadienne, lâanalyse structurelle est traditionnellement entendue comme un procĂ©dĂ© qui consiste Ă dĂ©duire des principes implicites Ă partir des structures gouvernementales. Cependant, on assiste depuis peu au dĂ©veloppement dâune analyse structurelle orientĂ©e vers les institutions faisant partie de la structure constitutionnelle canadienne, sur lâidentification de leurs rĂŽles au sein de cette derniĂšre, et sur la dĂ©termination des caractĂ©ristiques essentielles Ă leur bon fonctionnement. Cet article vise principalement Ă explorer cette seconde dimension, que lâauteure nomme la dimension relationnelle et fonctionnelle de lâanalyse structurelle. AprĂšs avoir fait ressortir les liens que lâanalyse structurelle entretient avec lâhermĂ©neutique juridique, lâauteure retrace les divers usages de la notion de structure constitutionnelle dans la jurisprudence de la Cour suprĂȘme prĂ©cĂ©dant le Renvoi relatif au SĂ©nat. Lâauteure avance que câest ce cadre dâanalyse qui a Ă©tĂ© appliquĂ© dans le Renvoi relatif au SĂ©nat lorsque la Cour sâest penchĂ©e sur la question des Ă©lections consultatives des sĂ©nateurs. Lâauteure formule ensuite trois observations critiques qui aspirent Ă susciter un dĂ©bat plus large sur la lĂ©gitimitĂ© du recours Ă ce type dâanalyse. Ainsi, le choix du rĂŽle de chambre de rĂ©flexion du SĂ©nat, au dĂ©triment de celui de chambre fĂ©dĂ©rale, fera lâobjet dâune premiĂšre observation critique. Ensuite, la question du rĂŽle des principes implicites au sein mĂȘme de lâanalyse structurelle sera examinĂ©e. Finalement, lâauteure abordera la question de lâinterprĂ©tation progressiste du rĂŽle fondamental dâune institution. MalgrĂ© ces observations, lâauteure conclut quâen consacrant la dimension relationnelle et fonctionnelle de lâanalyse structurelle, le Renvoi relatif au SĂ©nat marque un tournant vers le dĂ©veloppement dâune gestalt constitutionnelle. Il invite ainsi Ă identifier les diverses parties de la structure constitutionnelle canadienne, Ă cerner leurs rĂŽles fondamentaux au sein de cette derniĂšre, et Ă envisager de maniĂšre dynamique ce qui constitue le « tout » Ă partir duquel les parties se conçoivent. Comme la psychologie de la gestalt, le Renvoi relatif au SĂ©nat fait de lâintĂ©gritĂ© une valeur suprĂȘme en immunisant le « tout » contre les actions qui nuiraient au bon fonctionnement de ses parties, dans le respect de lâintĂ©gritĂ© constitutionnelle canadienne.In the matter of Canadian constitutional interpretation, structural analysis is traditionally understood as a process that consists of discerning unwritten principles from governmental structures. However, recently we are seeing the development of a structural analysis shifted toward the institutions that form part of the constitutional structure, the identification of their roles within this structure, and the determination of the characteristics essential to their proper operation. The first aim of this article is to explore this second dimension, which the author names the relational and functional dimensions of structural analysis. After bringing attention to the links between structural analysis and with juridical hermeneutics, the author outlines the various uses of the notion of structural analysis in the Supreme Court jurisprudence preceding the Reference re Senate Reform. The author argues that it is this analytical framework that was applied in the Reference re Senate Reform when the Court considered the issue of consultative elections of senators. The author then makes three critical observations, which aspire to give rise to a larger debate on the legitimacy of the Courtâs use of this type of analysis. Thus, the choice of the Senateâs role as that of a chamber of âsober second thoughtâ over its role as a federal chamber will be the subject of a first critical observation. Then, the question of the role of unwritten principles within the structural analysis will be examined. Finally, the author will address the question of the progressive interpretation of the fundamental role of an institution. Despite these observations, the author concludes that the consecration of the relational and functional dimensions of the structural analysis in the Reference re Senate Reform marks a turning point in the development of a constitutional gestalt. Indeed, the Reference invites its readers to identify the various parts of the Canadian constitutional structure, to determine their fundamental roles within this structure, and to envisage in a dynamic way what constitutes the âwholeâ according to which the parts must be understood. As with the psychology of gestalt, the Reference re Senate Reform places integrity as a supreme value by immunizing the âwholeâ from actions that may threaten the proper operation of its parts, all in the view of respecting Canadian constitutional integrity
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