THE NECESSITY OF INTRODUCTION THE DRUG INSURANCE SYSTEM IN ARMENIA

The increase in the cost of the medicinal component of the treatment, the spread of chronic diseases, and the maintenance of socio-economic inequality in access to health services require the provision of adequate access to medicines. These issues create prerequisites for the improvement of the state health policy and, first, the drug supply system, which is an integral part of the treatment process. The financing of healthcare in Armenia is mainly formed from budget allocations and out of pocket expenditures of the population. Reducing the financial burden on the state and ensuring the rational use of drugs contributes to improving the health of the population. The implementation of a drug insurance scheme, which partially or fully cover the cost of drugs in RA, is one of the solutions for resolving the issue of access to medicines. This article studies the problems of financing healthcare system in Armenia and highlights the need of introduction a drug insurance system in Armeni

On the initiation of lightning in thunderclouds

The relationship of lightning and elementary particle fluxes in the thunderclouds is not fully understood to date. Using the particle beams (the so-called Thunderstorm Ground Enhancements-TGEs) as a probe we investigate the characteristics of the interrelated atmospheric processes. The well-known effect of the TGE dynamics is the abrupt termination of the particle flux by the lightning flash. With new precise electronics, we can see that particle flux decline occurred simultaneously with the rearranging of the charge centers in the cloud. The analysis of the TGE energy spectra before and after the lightning demonstrates that the high-energy part of the TGE energy spectra disappeared just after lightning. The decline of particle flux coincides on millisecond time scale with first atmospheric discharges and we can conclude that Relativistic Runaway Electron Avalanches (RREA) in the thundercloud assist initiation of the negative cloud to ground lightning. Thus, RREA can provide enough ionization to play a significant role in the unleashing of the lightning flash

Analyzing atmospheric electric field by the European SEVAN network of particle detectors

Particle detectors of the European SEVAN network located on mountain heights in Aragats (Armenia), Lomnický štít (Slovakia) and Musala (Bulgaria) are well suited for the detection of thunderstorm ground enhancements (TGEs, enhanced fluxes of electrons, gamma rays, neutrons). The modulation of charged particles flux by the electric field of the thundercloud results in a sizable change in the count rate of detectors, which measure fluxes of electrons, gamma rays, and high energy muons in the near-vertical and near-horizontal directions. The relation between electric field strength and changes of particle flux count rates is nonlinear and depends on many unknown parameters of atmospheric electric field and meteorological conditions. Nonetheless, employing extreme TGEs as a manifestation of the strong electric field in the thundercloud and by measuring fluxes of three species of secondary cosmic rays (electrons, gamma rays, and muons) by SEVAN detectors located at altitudes of ≈ 3 km we study the extreme strength of the atmospheric electric field. With the simulation of particle traversal through the electric field with CORSIKA code (https://www.iap.kit.edu/corsika/index.php, last accessed April 21, 2021), we derive a maximum potential difference in the thunderous atmosphere to be ≈ 500 MV

Estimation of Aerodynamic Parameters in Conditions of Measurement

The paper discusses the problem of aircraft parameter identification in conditions of measurement noises. It is assumed that all the signals involved into the process of identification are subjects to measurement noises, that is measurement random errors normally distributed. The results of simulation are presented which show the relation between the noises standard deviations and the accuracy of identification

Estimation of Aerodynamic Parameters in Conditions of Measurement

The paper discusses the problem of aircraft parameter identification in conditions of measurement noises. It is assumed that all the signals involved into the process of identification are subjects to measurement noises, that is measurement random errors normally distributed. The results of simulation are presented which show the relation between the noises standard deviations and the accuracy of identification

Transient Luminous Events in the Lower Part of the Atmosphere Originated in the Peripheral Regions of a Thunderstorm

We present and discuss transient luminous events (TLEs) in the lower atmosphere, observed during large disturbances of the near-surface electric fields (NSEF) and coinciding with large enhancements of the particle fluxes (thunderstorm ground enhancements—TGEs). Despite large distances from the strongest electric field region, the maximum energy of TGE particles on 22 and 25 May 2018 reaches ≈40 MeV. Thus, the accelerating electric field reaches ≈2.0 keV/cm far from the zone of the strong lightning activity on the periphery of the storm. Light glows appearing simultaneously in the skies may be due to the local charge rearrangement generating a small illuminating discharge without initiating the lightning flash. This type of charge rearrangement does not lower the potential difference in the cloud, allowing the electron accelerator to operate and send particle fluxes in the direction of the earth’s surface

Transient Luminous Events in the Lower Part of the Atmosphere Originated in the Peripheral Regions of a Thunderstorm

We present and discuss transient luminous events (TLEs) in the lower atmosphere, observed during large disturbances of the near-surface electric fields (NSEF) and coinciding with large enhancements of the particle fluxes (thunderstorm ground enhancements—TGEs). Despite large distances from the strongest electric field region, the maximum energy of TGE particles on 22 and 25 May 2018 reaches ≈40 MeV. Thus, the accelerating electric field reaches ≈2.0 keV/cm far from the zone of the strong lightning activity on the periphery of the storm. Light glows appearing simultaneously in the skies may be due to the local charge rearrangement generating a small illuminating discharge without initiating the lightning flash. This type of charge rearrangement does not lower the potential difference in the cloud, allowing the electron accelerator to operate and send particle fluxes in the direction of the earth’s surface

Development of an Integrated Platform Using Multidisciplinary Real-World Data to Facilitate Biomarker Discovery for Medical Products

© 2019 The Authors. Clinical and Translational Science published by Wiley Periodicals Inc. on behalf of the American Society of Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics. This article has been contributed to by US Government employees and their work is in the public domain in the USA. Translational multidisciplinary research is important for the Center for Devices and Radiological Health\u27s efforts for utilizing real-world data (RWD) to enhance predictive evaluation of medical device performance in patient subpopulations. As part of our efforts for developing new RWD-based evidentiary approaches, including in silico discovery of device-related risk predictors and biomarkers, this study aims to characterize the sex/race-related trends in hip replacement outcomes and identify corresponding candidate single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Adverse outcomes were assessed by deriving RWD from a retrospective analysis of hip replacement hospital discharge data from the National Inpatient Sample (NIS). Candidate SNPs were explored using pre-existing data from the Personalized Medicine Research Project (PMRP). High-Performance Integrated Virtual Environment was used for analyzing and visualizing putative associations between SNPs and adverse outcomes. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) was used for exploring plausibility of the sex-related candidate SNPs and characterizing gene networks associated with the variants of interest. The NIS-based epidemiologic evidence showed that periprosthetic osteolysis (PO) was most prevalent among white men. The PMRP-based genetic evidence associated the PO-related male predominance with rs7121 (odds ratio = 4.89; 95% confidence interval = 1.41−17.05) and other candidate SNPs. SNP-based IPA analysis of the expected gene expression alterations and corresponding signaling pathways suggested possible role of sex-related metabolic factors in development of PO, which was substantiated by ad hoc epidemiologic analysis identifying the sex-related differences in metabolic comorbidities in men vs. women with hip replacement-related PO. Thus, our in silico study illustrates RWD-based evidentiary approaches that may facilitate cost/time-efficient discovery of biomarkers for informing use of medical products