Evaluating the Anti-Leech Effects of Methanolic Extracts of Peganum harmala L. and Olea europaea L. on Limnatis nilotica. World's Vet

ABSTRACT Leeches had several complications such as pain, itching, inflammation, severe anemia, short-term bleeding, hypersensitivity, and anaphylactic reactions in their hosts. Harmal Peganum harmala L. is used as an analgesic and anti-inflammatory agent and it has antibacterial activity. Olive Olea europaea L. has antibacterial, anti-viral, hypoglycemic and the relaxation of blood vessels properties. Antioxidant properties of olive also had been reported. This study was carried out to detect the effects of methanolic extracts of P. harmala L. and O. europaea L. on L. nilotica immature form. In 2011, 55 immature leeches collected from the southern area of Ilam province were prepared. The methanolic extract of O. europaea L and P. harmala L. were compared with levamisole as the control drug. Distilled water was evaluated as the placebo group which investigated L. nilotica using anti-leech assay. Then extract and drugs were added and their effects were screened for 720 min and time to paralyze, kill and death of each leech was recorded. The results showed that olive methanolic extractions (600 and 300mg) could kill the leeches in an average time of 145±77.57 and171±33.28 min, respectively. An average death time for levamisole was found to be 15±7.49 min. The highest effectiveness was found for levamisole at dose 300 mg. Methanol extracts of the Harmal (300 and 600 μg/m) and springs water showed no anti-leech. In sum, olive plant could use for anti Limnatis nilotica expenditure

Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Role of Felids as Intermediate Hosts in the Life Cycle of Neospora caninum Based on Serological Data

Purpose Neosporosis is an important widespread parasitic infection caused by N. caninum. It infects a wide range of warmblooded animals as intermediate hosts and dogs as the definitive host. Nevertheless, there are a number of questions regarding the life cycle and epidemiological aspects of N. caninum. Also, the role of felids ( domestic and non-domestic) in the life cycle of N. caninum has been little described. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the global prevalence of N. caninum in domestic and wild felids. Methods PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and ScienceDirect databases were searched for articles published on the prevalence of N. caninum in felids until Aprill 2, 2022 and the reference lists of retrieved articles were screened. A random-effects meta-analysis model was used to estimate the pooled prevalence and 95 confidence interval. Heterogeneity among studies was evaluated using Cochran's Q and the I-2 statistic. Results After exclusion of irrelevant articles and duplication removal, 30 studies were eligible for quantitative analysis including 20 studies on domestic cats and 10 studies on wild felids. The overall prevalence of neosporosis infection in cats was 15 (95 CI 10-21) that was significantly higher in wild felids (26, 95 CI 13-38) than in domestic cats (11, 95 CI 6-16) (P = 0.03). There was no significant difference in pooled prevalence between male and female domestic cats (P = 0.75). Regarding continent, the lowest prevalence of neosporosis infection was in Asia (9, 95 CI 1-20) and the highest was in North America (43.6, 95 CI 33.9-53.2) and Africa (18, 95 CI 9-46). Higher prevalence was obtained when using the NAT with 22 (95 CI 7-37), compared to the IFAT (17, 95 CI 9-24) and ELISA (6, 95 CI 2-9) (P = 0.01). Conclusion The findings highlighted the importance of felids as potential intermediate hosts of neosporosis despite the fact that the source of the parasite for these animals was unknown. Further studies should be performed to investigate the role of this top predator (felids) in maintaining both domestic and sylvatic cycles of Neospora caninum

Antiparasitic herbs used in west regions of Ilam province located in west of Iran

Objective: To identify antiparasitic medicinal plants used by people in southern regions of Ilam province in Iran. Methods: This study was carried out using questionnaire and interview method between February 2012 and April 2013 and also by means of public resources. Along with distributing questionnaires herbarium specimens of each plant were collected and then their genus and species were determined in the Natural Resources Research Center of Ilam province. Results: A total of 19 medicinal plants used as antiparasitic plants belonged to 14 families were identified in southern regions of Ilam province. Majority of antiparasite herbs were related to Compositeae (11), Rosaceae (11), Solanaceae (11), Liliaceae (11), and Asteraceae (11) families. Aerial parts with 28 were the most plant organs used for the treatment of parasitic diseases. Results of this study showed that infusion with 83 is the most popular form of herbal medications in southern regions of Ilam province. Conclusions: The report of medicinal plants belonged to northern regions of this province may provide necessary condition for researchers to identify effective substances and to study the clinical effects claimed for these plants and their effective substances on different parasitic diseases while traditional effects of these plants are documented. © 2014 Asian Pacific Tropical Medicine Press

Electrocoagulation as a promising defluoridation technology from water: A review of state of the art of removal mechanisms and performance trends

Fluoride ions present in drinking water are beneficial to human health when at proper concentration levels (0.5-1.5 mg L-1), but an excess intake of fluoride (>1.5 mg L-1) may pose several health problems. In this context, reducing high fluoride concentrations in water is a major worldwide challenge. The World Health Organization has recommended setting a permissible limit of 1.5 mg L-1. The application of electrocoagulation (EC) processes has received widespread and increasing attention as a promising treatment technology and a competitive treatment for fluoride control. EC technology has been favourably applied due to its economic effectiveness, environmental versatility, amenability of automation, and low sludge production. This review provides more detailed information on fluoride removal from water by the EC process, including operating parameters, removal mechanisms, energy consumption, and operating costs. Additionally, it also focuses attention on future trends related to improve defluoridation efficiency. © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland