Impact of Human Capital on Entrepreneurial Earnings: Employing Parametric and Nonparametric Methods

Economics literature provides ample evidence regarding the important positive effect of human capital on earnings. However, the self-employed have been consistently omitted in such studies. To fill this gap, I examine the effect of human capital on entrepreneurial earnings using National Survey of College Graduates dataset. To estimate the coefficients on income levels, I take advantage of three different econometric methods, namely OLS, Heckit and matching estimators. Regression results on men show that having higher education brings more success in terms of self-employment earnings. Evidence shows that men do better when they are self-employed whereas women are better off when they are wage workers. The most lucrative majors for male entrepreneurs are architecture, math, physics, chemistry and most fields of engineering. Women entrepreneurs who enjoy higher earnings are mostly majored in architecture, medicine, law, psychology and counseling. However, no particular education level is found to contribute to female entrepreneurial earnings

Does Population Density have Any Effect On Entrepreneurial Rates? Evidence From US Counties

Inspired from the theory of division of labor, I test the hypothesis that self-employment rate declines with a greater density of the population. The motivation is the existence of a huge variation of population densities and a considerable difference in self-employment rates across US states and counties. Results show that a negative and statistically significant impact of population density is present. Hence, people who are located in less crowded areas are more likely to be self-employed. Considering the relatively low availability of good-matching jobs in smaller places, self-employment can be explained as a failure of the size of the market place

Böbrek transplantasyonu sonrasında IL-2 sitokin gen profilinin incelenmesi

xv, 46 sayfa29 cm. 1 CDÖzet:Giriş ve Amaç: Kronik Böbrek Yetmezliği (KBY) böbreğin işlevini kaybederek fonksiyonlarını yerine getirememesidir. Organ nakli ile tedavi edilmeye çalışılan KBY hastalarındaki en önemli sorun hastanın tedaviye verecekleri yanıtları önceden tahmin edememektir. Hastanın immün yanıtı, nakil sonrası böbrek durumunu belirleyen en önemli etkenlerden biridir. Sitokinler, immün yanıtta rol alan hücrelerin aktivasyonlarına yön veren aracılardır. CD4 T hücreleri antijen sunan hücreler (APC) tarafından uyarıldıktan sonra IL-2 sitokini salgılayarak yardımcı T hücre immün yanıtının oluşmasını sağlarlar. Bu immün yanıtın organ reddine neden olduğu düşünülmektedir. Bu çalışmadanakil sonrası hastaların nakil öncesine göre IL-2 ekspresyon seviyesinin organ reddi ile olası ilişkisinin incelenmesi amaçlandı.Summary:Introduction and purpose: Chronic Kidney Failure (CKF) is a disease that the kidney is not able to perform its functions. The most important problem in CKF patients is the unpredictability of the immune response after kidney transplant. The immune response of the patient is one of the most important factors determining post- transplant kidney status. Cytokines are mediators that direct the activation of cells involved in the immune response. After being stimulated by antigen presenting cells (APC), CD4 T cells provide the T helper response by secreting IL-2 cytokines. This immunological response may cause organ rejection. In this studyit was aimed to investigate the possible association of IL-2 expression level with organ rejection after transplantation.Kaynakça içerir

Pricing Electric Power under a Hybrid Wholesale Mechanism: Evaluating the Turkish Electricity Market

During the restructuring process, Turkish electricity sector has gone through significant changes both in wholesale and retail markets. In this framework, the Market Financial Settlement Mechanism established for handling market imbalances has become a spot market in time. So, it can be claimed that the wholesale electricity market in Turkey is a hybrid mechanism composed of bilateral contracts and the balancing market. On the other hand, the main target of liberalization program is providing consumers with affordable electric power. Hence, this study attempts to explore the link between retail tariffs for ineligible consumers and prices in the two wholesale mechanisms, in the period after the launch of the day-ahead market. Findings suggest that regulated wholesale prices are more effective in the determination of end-user prices, whereas unregulated ones might have a price reduction effect in case the free market dominates. However, the volatility in spot market prices implies that the sector would better continue with the hybrid mechanism for quite some time. Keywords: Electricity Prices; Wholesale; Retail; Competition; Turkey JEL Classifications: D40; Q40; Q4

Explosive Behavior in COVID-19 and Policy Responses: Lessons Learned for Public Health Management

Since the first case of COVID-19 in Turkey, there has been a lingering question as elsewhere in the world: ‘‘When will or should the government impose severe restrictions to protect public health?’’ From a public health perspective, there is value in developing a model to support proactive implementation of social policies. This study aimed to show the benefits of using a novel econometric test (the Generalized Supremum Augmented Dickey-Fuller Test) to detect explosive behavior (bubbles) in Turkey’s daily COVID-19 cases and deaths. Results from the analysis demonstrated a link between identified explosive episodes and critical public health decisions, especially in the case of daily new deaths. They also showed a negative relationship between the formation of exuberant behavior during the pandemic and the vaccination rate. Public health policymakers can incorporate this method into their arsenal to evaluate the overall health situation in combating the pandemic and respond accordingly. Furthermore, among the lessons learned from the Turkish experience is the importance of having a coronavirus scientific advisory board in the decision-making process and the ability to promptly implement policy measures

Assessment of relationship between pain, psychological status, quality of life and body mass index

Objective: The purpose of the study is to evaluate health-related quality of life (HRQL), pain, the number of painful areas, and depression level; both to compare obesity level and these parameters, and to compare between obese and non-obese participants. Materials (Subjects) and Methods: 1875 voluntary patients were evaluated. Patients were grouped into 5 according to body mass index (BMI) values: Group 1:17-24.99kg/m2, Group 2:25-29.99kg/m2, Group 3:30-34.99kg/m2, Group 4:35-35.99kg/m2, Group 5: BMI more than 40kg/m2. Patients were asked to fulfill a questionnaire about demographic data and a number of painful areas (neck, shoulder, elbow, wrist, back, low back, knee, ankle, and temporomandibular joint). All patients were evaluated with visual analog scale (VAS), for pain, short form-36 (SF-36) for HRQL, Beck Depression Scale (BDS) for depression level. Results:We have included 1832 patients (460 male, and 1372 female) in the study: Group 1: 285(16%), Group 2: 623(34%), Group 3: 653(36%), Group 4: 190(10%), Group 5: 81(4%). When the groups was compared according to VAS scores during activity; all other groups was higher than group 1 (p<0.01). When the BDS scores were compared; depression levels were higher in group 5 than the other groups. When a number of painful areas were compared; groups 3,4,5 had higher values than groups 1,2, and group 2 had higher values than group 1 (p<0.001). Conclusion: This study evaluates pain level, the number of painful areas, physical HRQL, and depression levels of pre-obese and obese patients using VAS, BDS, and SF-36 scores and proves negative effects when compared to the healthy population. But this effect does not correlate with BMI levels.Objective: The purpose of the study is to evaluate health-related quality of life (HRQL), pain, the number of painful areas, and depression level; both to compare obesity level and these parameters, and to compare between obese and non-obese participants. Materials (Subjects) and Methods: 1875 voluntary patients were evaluated. Patients were grouped into 5 according to body mass index (BMI) values: Group 1:17-24.99kg/m2, Group 2:25-29.99kg/m2, Group 3:30-34.99kg/m2, Group 4:35-35.99kg/m2, Group 5: BMI more than 40kg/m2. Patients were asked to fulfill a questionnaire about demographic data and a number of painful areas (neck, shoulder, elbow, wrist, back, low back, knee, ankle, and temporomandibular joint). All patients were evaluated with visual analog scale (VAS), for pain, short form-36 (SF-36) for HRQL, Beck Depression Scale (BDS) for depression level. Results:We have included 1832 patients (460 male, and 1372 female) in the study: Group 1: 285(16%), Group 2: 623(34%), Group 3: 653(36%), Group 4: 190(10%), Group 5: 81(4%). When the groups was compared according to VAS scores during activity; all other groups was higher than group 1 (p<0.01). When the BDS scores were compared; depression levels were higher in group 5 than the other groups. When a number of painful areas were compared; groups 3,4,5 had higher values than groups 1,2, and group 2 had higher values than group 1 (p<0.001). Conclusion: This study evaluates pain level, the number of painful areas, physical HRQL, and depression levels of pre-obese and obese patients using VAS, BDS, and SF-36 scores and proves negative effects when compared to the healthy population. But this effect does not correlate with BMI levels

The silent discrimination against headscarved professionals in the Turkish labor market: The case of women in the banking sector

This study addresses the widespread discriminatory policies against headscarved professionals in the Turkish job market, by focusing on the female‐intensive banking sector. Although the number of professionals wearing headscarves has increased since 2013 with the removal of the ban on headscarves for workers in the public sector, we argue that significant ideological discriminatory practices and bias against these women still exist. To expose this hidden reality and uncover its dynamics, we undertook exploratory in‐depth interviews with 30 professionals from the Turkish banking sector, including both men and women. Our findings verify a severe underrepresentation of headscarved professionals in the commercial banking sector. Whereas, after 2013, state‐owned banks began, to some extent, to recruit women wearing the headscarf, private commercial banks have not amended their exclusionist policy towards headscarved white‐collar employees. Research findings confirm that in the Turkish banking sector, policies regarding the headscarf are still shaped by ideological corporate values. This study suggests that the appointment and promotion of female professionals in the Turkish banking sector are blocked by long‐established stereotypes and preju-dices, which stand in the way of inclusive practices supporting social equity, as well as diversity and the equality of women in the workplace

Export diversification in emerging economies

WOS: 000409545700023The positive impact of export diversification on countries' economic growth is widely recognized in literature. Moreover, there has been a growing consensus lately on the role of diversification as a protection tool against crises and shocks. In other words, countries with higher export concentrations are thought to be exposed to more susceptibilities and vice versa. Hence, for most developing countries, for which exports performance are vital, understanding the so-called association matters. This study aims at providing evidence for certain emerging economies in that respect and starts with illustrating the performance of the BRICS and MINT economies in terms of product/sector and market diversification in the 2000s. The chapter then investigates the relationship between export concentration and trade collapse for the 2008-2009 global crisis. Conclusions derived by the study show resemblance to certain findings in literature and address to a positive relationship between the level of product concentration and the severity of trade collapse in case of a crisis. Basic calculations on the market diversification, however, do not imply a meaningful relationship for the period in question

A growth accounting perspective: The labor dynamics of the GDP per capita growth in Turkey

Türkiye'de kişi başına düşen gelir, nominal bazda ABD doları cinsinden yapılan hesaplara göre 2013 sonrasında bir gerileme kaydetmiştir. Söz konusu gelişme her ne kadar kur etkilerini içerse de, Türkiye ekonomisinin reel anlamda da sürdürülebilir bir GSYH artışı gerçekleştirmesi gerektiği bilinmektedir. Bu bağlamda verimlilik, yüksek gelirli ekonomi sınıfına terfi etmeyi hedefleyen Türkiye ekonomisi için kaçınılmaz önemde bir dinamiktir. Öte yandan, Türkiye ekonomisine dair ulusal hesaplarda 2016 sonunda yapılan revizyonlarla birlikte, GSYH serilerinde bazı değişimler ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu çalışma, yeni GSYH serileri çerçevesinde, 2005 yılı sonrasındaki dönemde Türkiye ekonomisindeki kişi başına GSYH gelişimini, bir büyüme muhasebesi yaklaşımıyla analiz etmektedir. Çalışmanın bulguları, yeni serilerde kriz sonrası dönemde önceki serilere kıyasla kaydedilen daha yüksek verimlilik artışlarına ışık tutarken, söz konusu tablonun yıllara göre farklı görünümler sergilediğini ortaya koymaktadır.The GDP per capita in nominal terms has been in a decline in Turkey after the year 2013. While the fall has mostly been due to some adverse exchange rate effects, it is also well known that the country has to achieve a reasonable real GDP growth on a sustainable basis. In this regard, productivity is an inevitably critical dynamic for the Turkish economy, which aims to upgrade to high income status. Moreover, changes in the Turkish GDP statistics upon the revision of national accounts in 2016 draw particular attention. Thus this article attempts to analyze the development of the GDP per capita in Turkey after 2005 based on the new series from a growth accounting perspective. Findings of the study reveal a stronger growth and contribution of labor productivity in the post-crisis period as compared with the old series, while indicating a fluctuating outlook over the years in this regard