Bazı avrupa birliği ülke sağlık sistemleri ile Türk sağlık sisteminin karşılaştırılması

ÖZETAvrupa Birliği ülkelerinin sağlık sistemleri çeşitli nedenlerden dolayı birbirinden farklılıklar göstermektedir. Ancak sağlık sistemlerinin bu farklılığı, karşılaştırılamayacakları anlamına gelmez. Gerek ülke deneyimlerinden dersler çıkarmak, gerekse de en iyi uygulamaları ülke koşullarına adapte ederek onlardan maliyet etkili bir şekilde yararlanmak karşılaştırmalı sağlık sistemlerinin temelini oluşturmaktadır.Bu çalışmanın amacı, bazı AB ülke sağlık sistemleri ile Türk sağlık sistemini incelemek, bunları karşılaştırmak ve 2003 yılından beri SDP kapsamında gerçekleştirilmeye çalışılan sağlıkta reform çalışmalarını bu çerçeve ışığında tartışmaktır.Yapılan analizler neticesinde Türkiye ile analize dahil edilen diğer AB ülke sağlık sistemleri arasında farklılıklar olduğu bulunmuştur. 2003 yılından bu yana SDP kapsamındaki sağlık reformlarının da AB süreci gözetilerek yürütülmediği sonucuna varılmıştır. Adı geçen reformların AB süreci gözetilerek ve AB ülke sağlık sistemleri örnek edinerek bir an önce gerçekleştirilmesinde fayda görülmektedir. Anahtar kelimeler: Avrupa Birliği, Türkiye, sağlık sistemleri, Türk sağlık sistemi, sağlıkta dönüşüm programıSUMMARYComparison of the Turkish Health Care System with some EU Health Care SystemsThe health care systems of European Union are different from each other for various reasons. However, this difference of the health systems does not mean that health systems can not be compared. Both taking lessons from country’s experience and benefiting from the best practice by adapting to the country’s conditions constitute the basis of comparative health care systems. The objective of this study is to examine some chosen health care systems of the EU and the Turkish health care system, compare them and to put forward the Turkish health care reforms initiated under the label of Health Tranfromation Programme in 2003. As a result of our analysis, it has been found that there are differences between the Turkish health care system and the individual health care systems of EU included in the study. It has been come to the conclusion that the Turkish health care reforms have not been executed by taking into consideration the EU process. It is believed that it will be benficial to realize the health care reforms immediately by considering the EU process and taking lessons from the EU countries health care systems. Key words: European Union, Turkey, health systems, Turkish health care system, health transformation programm

Does Birth Order Have an Order on Your Life?

Does birth order have an order on your life? This is a topic that is highly debated in the research world. There is much evidence for it as well as much evidence against it. This thesis looks at what research says about birth order in general and specifically how it can affect peoples’ personalities, family chemistry, relationships, and academic intelligence. Research was then conducted to test what research says and see how birth order correlates with personality characteristics and life choices for a group of two-hundred and fifty-three people from the Kentucky area. A survey with twelve questions was sent out where each respondent selected how many siblings they had, where they fell in their family in terms of birth order, and their gender. Questions were created from current research on the subject and answers were hypothesized for each birth order position. Many answers aligned with research, but no clear evidence for or against the influence of birth order was made

Bazı avrupa birliği ülke sağlık sistemleri ile Türk sağlık sisteminin karşılaştırılması

Avrupa Birliği ülkelerinin sağlık sistemleri çeşitli nedenlerden dolayı birbirinden farklılıklar göstermektedir. Ancak sağlık sistemlerinin bu farklılığı, karşılaştırılamayacakları anlamına gelmez. Gerek ülke deneyimlerinden dersler çıkarmak, gerekse de en iyi uygulamaları ülke koşullarına adapte ederek onlardan maliyet etkili bir şekilde yararlanmak karşılaştırmalı sağlık sistemlerinin temelini oluşturmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, bazı AB ülke sağlık sistemleri ile Türk sağlık sistemini incelemek, bunları karşılaştırmak ve 2003 yılından beri SDP kapsamında gerçekleştirilmeye çalışılan sağlıkta reform çalışmalarını bu çerçeve ışığında tartışmaktır. Yapılan analizler neticesinde Türkiye ile analize dahil edilen diğer AB ülke sağlık sistemleri arasında farklılıklar olduğu bulunmuştur. 2003 yılından bu yana SDP kapsamındaki sağlık reformlarının da AB süreci gilerek yürütülmediği sonucuna varılmıştır. Adı geçen reformların AB süreci gilerek ve AB ülke sağlık sistemleri örnek edinerek bir an önce gerçekleştirilmesinde fayda görülmektedir. Anahtar kelimeler: Avrupa Birliği, Türkiye, sağlık sistemleri, Türk sağlık sistemi, sağlıkta dönüşüm programı SUMMARY Comparison of the Turkish Health Care System with some EU Health Care Systems The health care systems of European Union are different from each other for various reasons. However, this difference of the health systems does not mean that health systems can not be compared. Both taking lessons from country’s experience and benefiting from the best practice by adapting to the country’s conditions constitute the basis of comparative health care systems. The objective of this study is to examine some chosen health care systems of the EU and the Turkish health care system, compare them and to put forward the Turkish health care reforms initiated under the label of Health Tranfromation Programme in 2003. As a result of our analysis, it has been found that there are differences between the Turkish health care system and the individual health care systems of EU included in the study. It has been come to the conclusion that the Turkish health care reforms have not been executed by taking into consideration the EU process. It is believed that it will be benficial to realize the health care reforms immediately by considering the EU process and taking lessons from the EU countries health care systems. Key words: European Union, Turkey, health systems, Turkish health care system, health transformation programm

Goals and Projects of the Marine Larval Ecology and Recruitment Lab

The Marine Larval Ecology and Recruitment Laboratory, led by Dr. Joana Figueiredo, is focused on the spawning and rearing of Caribbean corals. In part with the Florida Department of Environmental Protection, our main goals are inducing gonad maturation and coral spawning ex-situ, fertilizing and settling resultant larvae, and raising these sexual recruits in a land-based nursery. Using induction systems, we have been successful in spawning corals in the lab nearly synchronously with corals in the wild. Through these goals, we strive to maintain genotypes of coral species that are impacted by disease events to ensure the preservation of this vital ecosystem. Recently, we have evaluated the optimal time to outplant coral recruits from land-based nurseries to offshore nurseries to optimize growth and survival of newly settled corals, while reducing associated costs and labor. Current projects include examining how nutritional status affects the growth and survival of coral recruits and fragments in offshore nurseries. Additionally, we are evaluating how larvae age and the health of reefs will affect the growth and survival of newly settled corals. This will aid in establishing the optimal age to settle coral larvae, as well as evaluating which cues are important for successful settlement. By inoculating juvenile corals with symbiotic algae, we aim to determine the ideal species to facilitate the growth and survival of multiple species of corals. Furthermore, we are assessing the most efficient methods of controlling macroalgae near coral recruits, as this competition is a major constraint to post-settlement grow-out. These projects may reduce time and labor costs per coral recruit, allowing us to optimize and upscale both the ex-situ and in-situ restoration capabilities of our lab

Seedling and Resprout Survival of Three Chaparral Species Following Woolsey Wildfire

Fire is a common natural disaster that effects Southern California. Combined with recent chronic drought, there has been an increase in the damage and frequency of these fires in recent years. Three chaparral species are common to the Pepperdine campus: Malosma laurina, Ceanothus spinosus, and Ceanothus megacarpus. The survival of these native species is essential because they are indicators for the changes that are occurring in our local ecosystem and provide further implications of how our ecosystem responds to natural disaster. Seedling recruitment and resprouting are mechanisms these chaparral species use to reestablish postfire. Postfire data have been recorded from these species since 1986 at the same study site at Pepperdine (Site 3). Through this experiment, I wanted to determine how the Woolsey fire affected these plants. I did this by using twenty-one 1x1 meter quadrats, and observing over 300 burned individuals of both C. spinosus and M. laurina at three different sites. When compared to postfire 1996 and 2008, I found that each specie experienced significant decline in seedling recruitment. I also recorded the lowest postfire resprout success in both C. spinosus (21%) and M. laurina (42%) ever seen at Pepperdine University. In addition, we observed a local extinction of Ceanothus megacarpus, as there was no seedling recruitment found. This study highlights the detriment of increasing fire frequency on native chaparral species at Pepperdine University\u27s campus, as well as throughout the Santa Monica Mountains

A Comparison of Water Potential, Photosynthetic Rate, Electron Transport Rate, and Stomatal Conductance between Native Malosma laurina and Exotic Schinus molle

Schinus molle is a relatively new invasive species in chaparral shrub communities of the Santa Monica Mountains, and has only recently been observed to displace native species of shrubs, such as Malosma laurina. To investigate the probably cause of S. molle’s invasiveness and mechanisms of competitive displacement of M. laurina, we compared their water status, photosynthetic rates, electron transport rates, and stomatal conductance to water vapor diffusion during the unusually dry fall of 2016. We used a Scholander-Hammel pressure chamber to measure water status and a field portably gas-exchange system to measure light and dark reaction components of photosynthesis, concurrent with stomatal conductance (LI-6400XT). We hypothesized that S. molle would physiologically outperform M. laurina, under natural field conditions, indicated by higher photosynthetic rates, electron transport rates, and stomatal conductance rates as well as a less negative water potentials (higher water status). We found that there was no significant difference between dry S. molle and dry M. laurina regarding photosynthetic rates; however the stomatal conductance of S. molle was significantly lower than M. laurina, indicating higher water use efficiency (greater carbon gain for the amount of water lost). The electron transport rate (ETR) was significantly higher for S. molle than M. laurina, suggesting more efficient conversion of light energy to chemical energy in the light reaction of photosynthesis. These results suggest that S. molle has a physiological advantage over M. laurina in greater efficiency in water use as well as greater efficiency in radiant energy conversion. Both of these factors may contribute to S. molle’s ability to aggressively outcompete M. laurina, especially during periods of extreme drought. Invasiveness and competitive exclusion of native species by S. mollemay be enhanced by a gradual increase in a hotter and drier climate in California

Comparison of Postfire Seedling Recruitment of 2019 in Three Key Chaparral Species

Fire is a common natural disaster that sweeps through Southern California. Combined with periods of acute, and most recent, chronic drought, we have seen an increase in the damage and frequency of these fires in recent years. Three chaparral species are common to the Pepperdine campus: Malosma laurina, Ceanothus spinosus, and Ceanothus megacarpus. The survival of these three native species is essential because they serve as biomarkers for the changes that are occurring in our local ecosystem and provide further implications for how our ecosystem is responding to natural disaster. Seedling recruitment is a mechanism that is used by some chaparral species to respond to fire. Without postfire recruitment, there would be local extinctions of each of these species postfire. Data was recorded for these three species of chaparral postfire in 1986 and postfire in 2008 at the same study site. Our group replicated these experiments to follow up on their previous findings within the same 21 grid locations. When compared to postfire 1996 and 2008, we found that each specie postfire 2019 experienced significant decline in seedling recruitment. In addition, we observed a local extinction of Ceanothus megacarpus, as there was no seedling recruitment found postfire 2008 and 2019. This study highlights the detriment of fire frequency on native chaparral species on Pepperdine University\u27s campus, as well as throughout the Santa Monica Mountains