Fundamental Weights, Permutation Weights and Weyl Character Formula

For a finite Lie algebra $G_N$ of rank N, the Weyl orbits $W(\Lambda^{++})$ of strictly dominant weights $\Lambda^{++}$ contain $dimW(G_N)$ number of weights where $dimW(G_N)$ is the dimension of its Weyl group $W(G_N)$. For any $W(\Lambda^{++})$, there is a very peculiar subset $\wp(\Lambda^{++})$ for which we always have $$dim\wp(\Lambda^{++})=dimW(G_N)/dimW(A_{N-1}) .$$ For any dominant weight $\Lambda^+$, the elements of $\wp(\Lambda^+)$ are called {\bf Permutation Weights}. It is shown that there is a one-to-one correspondence between elements of $\wp(\Lambda^{++})$ and $\wp(\rho)$ where $\rho$ is the Weyl vector of $G_N$. The concept of signature factor which enters in Weyl character formula can be relaxed in such a way that signatures are preserved under this one-to-one correspondence in the sense that corresponding permutation weights have the same signature. Once the permutation weights and their signatures are specified for a dominant $\Lambda^+$, calculation of the character $ChR(\Lambda^+)$ for irreducible representation $R(\Lambda^+)$ will then be provided by $A_N$ multiplicity rules governing generalized Schur functions. The main idea is again to express everything in terms of the so-called {\bf Fundamental Weights} with which we obtain a quite relevant specialization in applications of Weyl character formula.Comment: 6 pages, no figures, TeX, as will appear in Journal of Physics A:Mathematical and Genera

Mutagenic and antimutagenic properties of some lichen species grown in the Eastern Anatolia Region of Turkey

All the methanol extracts did not show mutagenic activity in Ames/Salmonella and Z. mays MI test systems. Furthermore, some extracts showed significant antimutagenic activity against 9-AA in Ames test system. Inhibition rates for 9-AA mutagenicity ranged from 25.51 % (P. furfuracea – 0.05 μg/plate) to 66.14 % (C. islandica – 0.05 μg/plate). In addition, all of the extracts showed significant antimutagenic activity against sodium azide (NaN₃) mutagenicity on MI values of Z. mays.Целью работы было изучить мутагенный и антимутагенный потенциал метанольных экстрактов Cetraria islandica (L.) Ach. (Parmeliaceae), Pseudevernia furfuracea (L.) Zopf (Parmeliaceae) и Xanthoparmelia somloënsis (Gyeln.) Hale (Parmeliaceae) – лишайников из восточной части Турции. Ни один из экстрактов не показал мутагенной активности в тестах Эймса и Z. mays MI. Более того, некоторые экстракты проявляли заметную антимутагенную активность против 9-амино-акридина в тесте Эймса. Уровень ингибирования варьировал от 25,51 % (P. furfuracea) до 66,14 % (C. islandica). Кроме того, все экстракты проявляли значительную антимутагенную активность против азида натрия в Z. mays MI тесте. Все экстракты могут считаться генотоксично безопасными в исследованных концентрациях

Chest trauma experience over eleven-year period at al-mouassat university teaching hospital-Damascus: a retrospective review of 888 cases

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Thoracic trauma is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in developing countries. In this study, we present our 11-year experience in the management and clinical outcome of 888 chest trauma cases as a result of blunt and penetrating injuries in our university hospital in Damascus, Syria.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>We reviewed files of 888 consequent cases of chest trauma between January 2000 and January 2011. The mean age of our patients was 31 ± 17 years mostly males with blunt injuries. Patients were evaluated and compared according to age, gender, etiology of trauma, thoracic and extra-thoracic injuries, complications, and mortality.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The leading cause of the trauma was violence (41%) followed by traffic accidents (33%). Pneumothorax (51%), Hemothorax (38%), rib fractures (34%), and lung contusion (15%) were the most common types of injury. Associated injuries were documented in 36% of patients (extremities 19%, abdomen 13%, head 8%). A minority of the patients required thoracotomy (5.7%), and tube thoracostomy (56%) was sufficient to manage the majority of cases. Mean hospital LOS was 4.5 ± 4.6 days. The overall mortoality rate was 1.8%, and morbidity (n = 78, 8.7%).</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>New traffic laws (including seat belt enforcement) reduced incidence and severity of chest trauma in Syria. Violence was the most common cause of chest trauma rather than road traffic accidents in this series, this necessitates epidemiologic or multi-institutional studies to know to which degree violence contributes to chest trauma in Syria. The number of fractured ribs can be used as simple indicator of the severity of trauma. And we believe that significant neurotrauma, traffic accidents, hemodynamic status and GCS upon arrival, ICU admission, ventilator use, and complication of therapy are predictors of dismal prognosis.</p

Expression and prognostic significance of cox-2 and p-53 in hodgkin lymphomas: a retrospective study

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Cyclooxygenase (cox) is the rate-limiting enzyme, which catalyzes the conversion of arachidonic acid into prostaglandins and contributes to the inflammatory process. Cyclooxygenase-2 (cox-2), which is one of the two isoforms, plays a role in tumor progression and carcinogenesis. p53 contributes to apoptosis, DNA renewal and cell cycle. Studies concerning the relationship of cox-2 and p53 expressions and carcinogenesis are available, but the association between cox-2 and p53 in Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) is not exactly known.</p> <p>In our study, we examined the association of cox-2 and p53 expression, with age, stage, histopathological subtype, and survival in HL. We also examined correlation between cox-2 and p53 expression.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Cox-2 and p53 expressions in Hodgkin-Reed Sternberg cells (HRS) were examined in 54 patients with HL depending on cox-2 expression, stained cases were classified as positive, and unstained cases as negative. Nuclear staining of HRS cells with p53 was evaluated as positive. The classifications of positivity were as follows: negative if<10%; (1+) if 10-25%; (2+) if 25-50%; (3+) if 50-75%, (4+) if >75%.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Cox-2 and p53 expressions were found in 49 (80%) and 29 (46%) patients, respectively. There were differences between histological subtypes according to cox-2 expression (p = 0.012). Mixed cellular (MC) and nodular sclerosing (NS) subtypes were seen most of the patients and cox-2 expression was evaluated mostly in the mixed cellular subtype.</p> <p>There were no statistically significant relationships between p53 and the histopathological subtypes; or between p53, cox-2 and the factors including stage, age and survival; or between p53 and cox-2 expression (p > 0.05).</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Considering the significant relationship between the cox-2 expression and the subtypes of HL, cox-2 expression is higher in MC and NS subtypes. However the difference between these two subtypes was not significant. This submission must be advocated by studies with large series</p

Laparoscopic versus conventional appendectomy - a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Although laparoscopic surgery has been available for a long time and laparoscopic cholecystectomy has been performed universally, it is still not clear whether open appendectomy (OA) or laparoscopic appendectomy (LA) is the most appropriate surgical approach to acute appendicitis. The purpose of this work is to compare the therapeutic effects and safety of laparoscopic and conventional "open" appendectomy by means of a meta-analysis.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>A meta-analysis was performed of all randomized controlled trials published in English that compared LA and OA in adults and children between 1990 and 2009. Calculations were made of the effect sizes of: operating time, postoperative length of hospital stay, postoperative pain, return to normal activity, resumption of diet, complications rates, and conversion to open surgery. The effect sizes were then pooled by a fixed or random-effects model.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Forty-four randomized controlled trials with 5292 patients were included in the meta-analysis. Operating time was 12.35 min longer for LA (95% CI: 7.99 to 16.72, p < 0.00001). Hospital stay after LA was 0.60 days shorter (95% CI: -0.85 to -0.36, p < 0.00001). Patients returned to their normal activity 4.52 days earlier after LA (95% CI: -5.95 to -3.10, p < 0.00001), and resumed their diet 0.34 days earlier(95% CI: -0.46 to -0.21, p < 0.00001). Pain after LA on the first postoperative day was significantly less (p = 0.008). The overall conversion rate from LA to OA was 9.51%. With regard to the rate of complications, wound infection after LA was definitely reduced (OR = 0.45, 95% CI: 0.34 to 0.59, p < 0.00001), while postoperative ileus was not significantly reduced(OR = 0.91, 95% CI: 0.57 to 1.47, p = 0.71). However, intra-abdominal abscess (IAA), intraoperative bleeding and urinary tract infection (UIT) after LA, occurred slightly more frequently(OR = 1.56, 95% CI: 1.01 to 2.43, p = 0.05; OR = 1.56, 95% CI: 0.54 to 4.48, p = 0.41; OR = 1.76, 95% CI: 0.58 to 5.29, p = 0.32).</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>LA provides considerable benefits over OA, including a shorter length of hospital stay, less postoperative pain, earlier postoperative recovery, and a lower complication rate. Furthermore, over the study period it was obvious that there had been a trend toward fewer differences in operating time for the two procedures. Although LA was associated with a slight increase in the incidence of IAA, intraoperative bleeding and UIT, it is a safe procedure. It may be that the widespread use of LA is due to its better therapeutic effect.</p

Head injuries in infancy and childhood (Turkish)

In this article, 719 head injuries (0-14 age group) who were admitted to Cukurova University, Medical Faculty, Neurosurgical Clinic in a period of 22 months (January 1, 1974-October 31, 1975) were evaluated. Distribution of the head injuries according to age groups changes according to physical and mental development of the child. Injuries show a high frequency in the hot summer months due to the habit of sleeping on the roof in Cukurova. The distribution of cases in the district and provinces is influenced by three factors: Distance, population and transport facilities. 64.4% of the cases are falls, 30.2% traffic accidents and the rest, 5.4% other types of head injuries. More than half of the falls are due to falling from the roof (38.5%). Linear fractures (35.7%), depressed fractures (17.5%) and otorrhea (14.5%) were found to be the most frequent complications. The percentage of complications is 15.9% (114 cases out of 719 cases). General mortality rate is 1.6% (12 cases)

4-[N,N-bis(2-hydroxyimino-2-phenylethyl)amino]-1,5-dimethyl-2-phenyl-2, 3-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-3-one monohydrate

The title compound, C27H27N5O 3·H2O, is built up from pyrazolinone, phenyl and acetophenone oxime moieties. The 2-phenyl substituent is nearly perpendicular to the pyrazolinone ring, with a dihedral angle of 87.66 (1)°. The acetophenone oxime moieties are twisted out of the pyrazolinonering plane by 47.04 (1)°. The molecules in the crystal pack in an antiparallel fashion and are held together by hydrogen-bonded water molecules and intermolecular O-H?O and O-H?N hydrogen bonds

Food poisoning in emergency units [Acil tedavi birimlerinde gıda zehirlenmeleri]

Physicians and allied health personnel are very frequently faced with food poisoning in emergency units. Primarily, a correct diagnosis is important for the success of treatment for a patient with suspected food poisoning who comes or is brought to an emergency unit. For this, taking a detailed history from the patient and taking necessary clinical samples (blood, feces, vomit, etc.) to be sent to the laboratory for a diagnosis as soon as possible are priorities. Before or during the treatment judicial authorities must be informed of the food poisoning incident. If the physicians and other health care personnel in the emergency units have enough theoretical and practical knowledge about food poisoning and microbiological risks, and have developed their knowledge and skills by various educational activities, poisoning cases can be controlled and repetition can be avoided. Also contributions can be made to the solution of forensic cases. In this study, the aim is to inform the health care employees in emergency services primarily but also other health care employees about pathogenic bacteria that may cause food poisoning; to provide general advice about approaches to food poisoning cases and to raise the consciousness about the obligation of informing forensic authorities of incidents of food poisoning. © 2014, Marmara University. All rights reserved