This paper reviews the literature on the history, efficacy, and putative mechanism of action of enteral nutrition for inflammatory bowel disease in both paediatric and adult patients. It also analyses the reasoning behind the low popularity of exclusive enteral nutrition in clinical practice despite the benefits and safety profile
BACKGROUND: Heart failure (HF) costs 21billionannuallyindirecthealthcarecosts,80OBJECTIVE:ToestimatethebudgetimpactofivabradinefromaU.S.commercialpayerperspective.METHODS:Abudgetimpactmodelestimatedtheper−member−permonth(PMPM)impactofintroducingivabradinetoexistingformulariesbycomparingareferencescenario(SoC)andanewdrugscenario(ivabradine+SoC)inhypothetical1million−membercommercialandMedicareAdvantageplans.Inbothscenarios,U.S.claimsdatawereusedforthereferencecumulativeannualratesofhospitalizations(HF,non−HFcardiovascular[CV],andnon−CV),andhospitalizationrateswereadjustedusingSHIFTdata.ThemodelcontrolledformortalityriskusingSHIFTandU.S.lifetabledata,andhospitalizationcostswereobtainedfromU.S.claimsdata:HF−related=37,507; non-HF CV = 28,951;andnon−CV=17,904. The annualized wholesale acquisition cost of ivabradine was 4,500,withbaselineuseforthisnewdrugat2RESULTS:BasedontheapprovedU.S.indication,approximately2,000commerciallyinsuredpatientsfroma1million−membercommercialplanwereeligibletoreceiveivabradine.IvabradineresultedinaPMPMcostsavingsof0.01 and 0.04inyears1and3ofthecoremodel,respectively.Afterincludingtheacquisitionpriceforivabradine,themodelshowedadecreaseintotalcostsinthecommercial(991,256 and 474,499,respectively)andMedicarepopulations(13,849,262 and 4,280,291,respectively)inyear1.Thisdecreasewasdrivenbyivabradine’sreductioninhospitalizationrates.Forthecoremodel,theestimatedpharmacy−onlyPMPMinyear1was0.01 for the commercial population and $0.24 for the Medicare Advantage population.
CONCLUSIONS: Adding ivabradine to SoC led to lower average annual treatment costs. The negative PMPM budget impact indicates that ivabradine is an affordable option for U.S. payers
This study investigates how culture and priming 3- to 7-year-old children (N = 186) with third-party social exclusion affects their subsequent inclusion of out-group members. Children in societies that tend to value social independence (Germany, New Zealand) and interdependence (Northern Cyprus) were randomly assigned to minimal groups. Next, they watched video stimuli depicting third-party social exclusion (exclusion condition) or neutral content (control condition). We assessed children's recognition of the social exclusion expressed in the priming videos and their understanding of the emotional consequences thereof. We furthermore assessed children's inclusion behaviour in a ball-tossing game in which participants could include an out-group agent into an in-group interplay. Children across societies detected third-party social exclusion and ascribed lower mood to excluded than non-excluded protagonists. Children from Germany and New Zealand were more likely to include the out-group agent into the in-group interaction than children from Northern Cyprus. Children's social inclusion remained unaffected by their exposure to third-party social exclusion primes. These results suggest that children from diverse societies recognize social exclusion and correctly forecast its negative emotional consequences, but raise doubt on the notion that social exclusion exposure affects subsequent social inclusion
India faces major environmental challenges associated with waste generation and inadequate waste collection, transport, treatment and disposal. Current systems in India cannot cope with the volumes of waste generated by an increasing urban population, and this impacts on the environment and public health. The challenges and barriers are significant, but so are the opportunities. This paper reports on an international seminar on ‘Sustainable solid waste management for cities: opportunities in South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) countries’ organized by the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute and the Royal Society. A priority is to move from reliance on waste dumps that offer no environmental protection, to waste management systems that retain useful resources within the economy. Waste segregation at source and use of specialized waste processing facilities to separate recyclable materials has a key role. Disposal of residual waste after extraction of material resources needs engineered landfill sites and/or investment in waste-to-energy facilities. The potential for energy generation from landfill via methane extraction or thermal treatment is a major opportunity, but a key barrier is the shortage of qualified engineers and environmental professionals with the experience to deliver improved waste management systems in India
As the glass (in molecular fluids\cite{Donth}) or the jamming (in colloids
and grains\cite{LiuNature1998}) transitions are approached, the dynamics slow
down dramatically with no marked structural changes. Dynamical heterogeneity
(DH) plays a crucial role: structural relaxation occurs through correlated
rearrangements of particle ``blobs'' of size
ξ\cite{WeeksScience2000,DauchotPRL2005,Glotzer,Ediger}. On approaching
these transitions, ξ grows in glass-formers\cite{Glotzer,Ediger},
colloids\cite{WeeksScience2000,BerthierScience2005}, and driven granular
materials\cite{KeysNaturePhys2007} alike, strengthening the analogies between
the glass and the jamming transitions. However, little is known yet on the
behavior of DH very close to dynamical arrest. Here, we measure in colloids the
maximum of a ``dynamical susceptibility'', χ∗, whose growth is usually
associated to that of ξ\cite{LacevicPRE}. χ∗ initially increases with
volume fraction ϕ, as in\cite{KeysNaturePhys2007}, but strikingly drops
dramatically very close to jamming. We show that this unexpected behavior
results from the competition between the growth of ξ and the reduced
particle displacements associated with rearrangements in very dense
suspensions, unveiling a richer-than-expected scenario.Comment: 1st version originally submitted to Nature Physics. See the Nature
Physics website fro the final, published versio
BACKGROUND: Heart failure (HF) costs 21billionannuallyindirecthealthcarecosts,80OBJECTIVE:ToestimatethebudgetimpactofivabradinefromaU.S.commercialpayerperspective.METHODS:Abudgetimpactmodelestimatedtheper−member−permonth(PMPM)impactofintroducingivabradinetoexistingformulariesbycomparingareferencescenario(SoC)andanewdrugscenario(ivabradine+SoC)inhypothetical1million−membercommercialandMedicareAdvantageplans.Inbothscenarios,U.S.claimsdatawereusedforthereferencecumulativeannualratesofhospitalizations(HF,non−HFcardiovascular[CV],andnon−CV),andhospitalizationrateswereadjustedusingSHIFTdata.ThemodelcontrolledformortalityriskusingSHIFTandU.S.lifetabledata,andhospitalizationcostswereobtainedfromU.S.claimsdata:HF−related=37,507; non-HF CV = 28,951;andnon−CV=17,904. The annualized wholesale acquisition cost of ivabradine was 4,500,withbaselineuseforthisnewdrugat2RESULTS:BasedontheapprovedU.S.indication,approximately2,000commerciallyinsuredpatientsfroma1million−membercommercialplanwereeligibletoreceiveivabradine.IvabradineresultedinaPMPMcostsavingsof0.01 and 0.04inyears1and3ofthecoremodel,respectively.Afterincludingtheacquisitionpriceforivabradine,themodelshowedadecreaseintotalcostsinthecommercial(991,256 and 474,499,respectively)andMedicarepopulations(13,849,262 and 4,280,291,respectively)inyear1.Thisdecreasewasdrivenbyivabradine’sreductioninhospitalizationrates.Forthecoremodel,theestimatedpharmacy−onlyPMPMinyear1was0.01 for the commercial population and $0.24 for the Medicare Advantage population.
CONCLUSIONS: Adding ivabradine to SoC led to lower average annual treatment costs. The negative PMPM budget impact indicates that ivabradine is an affordable option for U.S. payers