Insecta in Association with Sangam Literature

The world is the combination of the five Bhudas. In this Sangha literature is the reason for our Tamil language to get a better place and a classical language qualification. In that way, according to the rules stated by Tolkappiyar and Nannular from the literatures such as Natriana, Kurundogai, Ainkuruhunuru, Agananunuru, and Kalittokai, these literatures are mentioned as internal part of Sangam literature, about the snails, conchs, panilams, clams, oysters, palakarai–(chozhi) which have senses, ability and language, and other creatures related to them. The purpose of this article is to clearly explain the news about the amphibians and the places they live in, their different types, the conditions they live in, the methods of destruction of those organisms and the reasons for that. Due to the development of today's civilization, the various resources and living things found in the country are being destroyed and are going towards destruction. This article explains the serious intention that the future generations should realize this and ac

Effects of Personal Selling to Promote the Products

The strength of private commercialism lies within the facts that it allow communicative interchange, a methoda lot of refined however, at the somedays, a lot of venture some than classical strategies like advertising, that place confidence in one- approach communication. In terms of potency, communicative interchange ends up in reduction of reach losses; it’s of primary importance within the selling of commodities that ought to be explained or incontestable to the customer and notably, so in industrial selling and also the selling services. It’s recognized however that non-public commercialism could be a comparatively pricy suggests that of communication

The role of educators in facilitating reflective learning in students

Over the last 20 years the nursing profession has widely accepted reflective practices and reflective learning as effective measures to help students provide care in a frequently changing context. The purpose of the study was to explore and describe the role of nurse educators in the facilitation of reflective learning in students. The objectives were to explore the reflective teaching practices of nurse educators, describe the learning activities that could promote reflective learning in student nurses and to determine whether the learning environment is conducive to promote reflective teaching and learning. A quantitative, explorative, descriptive study was conducted in nursing education institutions in Gauteng. A total of 121 nurse educators completed a structured questionnaire. The findings revealed that, although nurse educators agree with the importance of reflective practices in the teaching and learning environment they do not necessarily place emphasis on developing their own reflective practices. Reflective learning was not identified as a formal learning approach in the programmes the nurse educators facilitated but the educators did attempt to include reflection in the teaching and learning activities planned. Not enough emphasis is placed on the creation of a teaching and learning environment that will enhance reflection in a non-threatening context. The deeper understanding of reflective learning comes with continued personal reflective practices. Nurse educators should be taught how to facilitate reflective learning activities and how to create an environment conducive to reflection. Through reflective teaching practices students could be supported in developing into critical thinkers hence reflective learning should be a formal teaching and learning approach in nursing curriculaHealth StudiesM.A. (Health Studies

Monoclonal antibody B2, a marker of neuroendocrine sympathoadrenal precursors, recognizes the Luke (LKE) antigen

Blood group antigens are physiologically important differentiation markers in embryogenesis and development. Monoclonal antibody (MoAb) B2 recognizes a transient antigen expressed on late sympathoadrenal neuroendocrine precursors and early sympathetic neuroblasts. It has been suggested that MoAb B2 may recognize a globo-series glycosphingolipid (GSL) related to the P blood group family. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: MoAb B2 and two anti-LKE MoAbs, MC813-70 and RM1, were screened against a panel of GSL standards and isolated red blood cell (RBC) GSLs by high-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) immunostaining. The ability of all three MoAbs to bind intact RBCs and two LKE+ renal cell carcinoma cell lines (A498, ACHN) were examined by flow cytometry and hemagglutination. RESULTS: MoAbs B2, MC813-70, and RM1 all specifically recognized monosialogalactosylgloboside (MSGG) on HPTLC immunostaining. Only MoAb MC813-70 bound intact RBC by flow cytometry and hemagglutination. Differential staining was observed between the three antibodies and two renal cell carcinoma cell lines. CONCLUSION: MoAb B2 recognizes MSGG or LKE antigen, suggesting that LKE may play a role in neuroendocrine differentiation from neural crest cells. Although MoAb B2 is not suitable for RBC phenotyping, it may be a useful immunologic reagent for the identification of human embryonic stem cells and renal cell and embryonic carcinoma.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/72345/1/j.1537-2995.2005.04338.x.pd

Detection of Diseases in Flora Through Leaf Image Classification by Convolution Neural Network

The quality of human existence and economic standing are significantly impacted by agriculture. It is the foundation of a nation's economic structure. Therefore, early diagnosis of plant diseases is crucial in both the agricultural sector and in people's daily life. Hunger and starvation are caused by agricultural losses due to plant diseases, especially in less developed nations where access to disease-controlling measures is limited and yearly losses of 30 to 50 percent for main crops are not unusual. Due to inadequate diagnosis of plant diseases, many plants die. Initially, diagnosis of plant disease was performed using MATLAB and machine learning algorithms including SVM. But these diagnoses did not provide accurate results. Also, in previous works website has not been created. To overcome this problem, a CNN model has been proposed that detects plant diseases. This CNN model has been deployed to the website. On this website, the image can be uploaded, and the disease gets predicted according to the image. The detected disease gets displayed on the website. To the CNN model, 15 cases have been fed, including both healthy and unhealthy leaves. The proposed model achieves a greater accuracy of more than 95%. This work offers a major benefit to the farmers by helping them in detecting plant diseases without requiring any special hardware or software

Clinicopathologic significance of sialyl Le xexpression in advanced gastric carcinoma

Sialyl Lewis xantigen (SLX) is a carbohydrate antigen that serves as a ligand for selectin, an adhesion molecule expressed on vascular endothelial cells. The expression of SLX in 245 patients with advanced gastric carcinoma was examined immunohistochemically, and its clinicopathologic significance was analysed. We classified the patients with advanced gastric carcinoma into 91 with differentiated type and 154 with undifferentiated type. SLX expressed in 135 of 245 patients (55%), comprising 68 (75%) patients with differentiated carcinoma and 67 (44%) with undifferentiated carcinoma. The positive rate for SLX expression was significantly higher among patients with differentiated carcinoma than among those in undifferentiated carcinoma (P < 0.0001). With differentiated carcinoma, the incidence of lymph node metastasis, advanced tumour stage (stage III and IV) and liver recurrence was significantly higher in SLX-positive patients than in SLX-negative ones (P  < .0001, P = 0.0065 and P = 0.028, respectively). Moreover, the prognoses were better in patients with SLX-negative tumours than in those with SLX-positive tumours (P = 0.019). With undifferentiated carcinoma, there were no significant correlations between SLX expression and any clinicopathological features or prognoses. The clinicopathologic significance of SLX expression in gastric carcinoma patients depends on histologic type. SLX expression may be of great relevance in predicting liver metastases in patients with differentiated carcinoma. © 2000 Cancer Research Campaign http://www.bjcancer.co

High SDF-1 Expression in HIV-1 Carriers Does Not Correlate with CD8+T-Cell-Mediated Suppression of Viral Replication

AbstractStromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF-1) inhibits T-cell tropic (T-tropic) HIV-1 infectionin vitro. In this study, we examined the regulatory role of SDF-1 on HIV-1 replication in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of HIV-infected individuals. We found that the amount of SDF-1 mRNA in freshly isolated PBMC of HIV-1 carriers was higher than in healthy donors. Moreover, PBMC from some asymptomatic carriers (ACs) exhibited high levels of SDF-1 mRNA expression. The level of SDF-1 expression in PBMC did not correlate with the magnitude of CD8+T cell-mediated suppression of HIV-1 among ACs. SDF-1 inhibited HIV-1 replication at the viral entry step, whereas a single-cycle HIV-1 infection system showed that the major part of the CD8+T-cell-mediated suppression occurs after intracellular penetration of the virus. Our results suggest that SDF-1 acts as a suppressor of virus replication in a CD8+T-cell-independent mechanism in HIV-infected individuals

TNFα enhances the motility and invasiveness of prostatic cancer cells by stimulating the expression of selective glycosyl- and sulfotransferase genes involved in the synthesis of selectin ligands.

Sialyl Lewis x (sLe(x)) plays an important role in cancer metastasis. But, the mechanism for its production in metastatic cancers remains unclear. The objective of current study was to examine the effects of a proinflammatory cytokine on the expression of glycosyltransferase and sulfotransferase genes involved in the synthesis of selectin ligands in a prostate cancer cell line. Androgen-independent human lymph node-derived metastatic prostate cancer cells (C-81 LNCaP), which express functional androgen receptor and mimic the castration-resistant advanced prostate cancer, were used. TNFα treatment of these cells increased their binding to P-, E- and L-selectins, anti-sLe(x) antibody, and anti-6-sulfo-sialyl Lewis x antibody by 12%, 240%, 43%, 248% and 21%, respectively. Also, the expression of C2GnT-1, B4GalT1, GlcNAc6ST3, and ST3Gal3 genes was significantly upregulated. Further treatment of TNFα-treated cells with either anti-sLe(x) antibody or E-selectin significantly suppressed their in vitro migration (81% and 52%, respectively) and invasion (45% and 56%, respectively). Our data indicate that TNFα treatment enhances the motility and invasion properties of LNCaP C-81 cells by increasing the formation of selectin ligands through stimulation of the expression of selective glycosyl- and sulfotransferase genes. These results support the hypothesis that inflammation contributes to cancer metastasis