Delay Tolerance in Wireless Networks through Optimal Path Routing Algorithm

AbstractA Delay Tolerant Network (DTN) is a mesh network designed to operate effectively over great distances. DTNs have not custom to vindicate complete track from source to destination most of the time during communication. Existing data routing approaches used in DTNs were based on multi-copy routing. However, these existing methods incur overhead due to exorbitant transmissions and increases seer side processing. Hence there is a necessity to propose an optimal path routing algorithm to overcome the above issues. The optimal path routing reduces the proposition of message dropping and wax the throughput. The design approximate also uses random path generation that can reveal the path that affirms active connection for a longer duration to achieve a desired routing delay. In addition, this system has an effective buffer management mechanism to increase throughput and decrease routing delay. The analysis and as well as the simulation results clearly shows that the optimal path routing algorithm, provides high throughput and low routing delay compared to existing routing approaches

SKELETAL MUSCLE: ONE OF THE SILENT TARGETS OF DIABETIC COMPLICATIONS

ABSTRACTObjective: Muscle weakness in diabetes has been considered a rare manifestation associated with severe diabetic neuropathy. However, similarfindings are lacking in individuals with early diabetes. Handgrip strength is a reliable measurement of the disability index. The present study wasdesigned to determine the effect of early Type 2 diabetes on handgrip strength in adults by handgrip dynamometer.Methods: 30 subjects with diabetes (1-5 years duration) were taken as case, and thirty age and sex-matched subjects without diabetes were takenas controls. Subjects with hypertension, heart diseases, and neuromuscular disorders were excluded. Skeletal muscle function was determined usinghand grip dynamometer. Maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) was measured thrice and best of that it was taken. For endurance time (ET) 50% ofMVC was taken. Anthropometric measurements were taken, and random blood sugar testing was done.Results: Compared to controls, cases had decreased mid forearm circumference (23.97±1.7 cm vs. 23.8±2.7 cm, p<0.005). MVC and ET were alsosignificantly reduced in cases when compared with control subjects (MVC, 32.46±6.865 kg vs. 22.48±4.420 kg, p<0.025) and ET (44.57±17.294 secondsvs. 16.63±9.810 seconds, p<0.022).Conclusion: Our study suggests that there is a decline in skeletal muscle strength in type 2 diabetes even before the disease manifests severely.This provides evidence that impaired grip strength is associated with adverse metabolic profile, in addition, to the loss of physical function, and thepotential for grip strength to be used in the clinical setting needs to be explored.Keywords: Skeletal muscle function, Handgrip, Diabetes, Endurance time, Maximum voluntary contraction

Catalytic activity of niobia supported graphene oxide for esterification of oleic acid

Biodiesel has been obtained from esterification of oleic acid with methanol using niobia loaded graphene oxide (GO). Different weight percentages of niobia (1, 3, 5 and 7 wt.%) have been loaded on GO by the wet impregnation method. The synthesized materials have been characterized by XRD, FT-IR, Raman spectroscopy, TGA, BET surface area, NH3-TPD, ICP-OES, SEM and HR-TEM studies. The catalytic activity of niobia supported on GO has been tested for esterification of oleic acid with methanol for biodiesel production. The maximum yield of methyl oleate (96.4%) is obtained at the reaction conditions of 150 °C, 0.5 g of 5 wt% of niobia on GO catalyst, 1:9 molar ratio of oleic acid:methanol and time 4 h. Influence of solvents (ethanol, propanol, butanol) has been tested for comparative study with same reaction conditions. Based on the catalytic studies, niobia supported GO has good catalytic activity for esterification of oleic acid reaction with good reusability

Use of side-chain for rational design of n-type diketopyrrolopyrrole-based conjugated polymers: what did we fing out?

Cataloged from PDF version of article.The primary role of substituted side chains in organic semiconductors is to increase their solubility in common organic solvents. In the recent past, many literature reports have suggested that the side chains play a critical role in molecular packing and strongly impact the charge transport properties of conjugated polymers. In this work, we have investigated the influence of side-chains on the charge transport behavior of a novel class of diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) based alternating copolymers. To investigate the role of side-chains, we prepared four diketopyrrolopyrrole-diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP-DPP) conjugated polymers with varied side-chains and carried out a systematic study of thin film microstructure and charge transport properties in polymer thin-film transistors (PTFTs). Combining results obtained from grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXD) and charge transport properties in PTFTs, we conclude side-chains have a strong influence on molecular packing, thin film microstructure, and the charge carrier mobility of DPP-DPP copolymers. However, the influence of side-chains on optical properties was moderate. The preferential "edge-on" packing and dominant n-channel behavior with exceptionally high field-effect electron mobility values of >1 cm(2) V-1 s(-1) were observed by incorporating hydrophilic (triethylene glycol) and hydrophobic side-chains of alternate DPP units. In contrast moderate electron and hole mobilities were observed by incorporation of branched hydrophobic side-chains. This work clearly demonstrates that the subtle balance between hydrophobicity and hydrophilicity induced by side-chains is a powerful strategy to alter the molecular packing and improve the ambipolar charge transport properties in DPP-DPP based conjugated polymers. Theoretical analysis supports the conclusion that the side-chains influence polymer properties through morphology changes, as there is no effect on the electronic properties in the gas phase. The exceptional electron mobility is at least partially a result of the strong intramolecular conjugation of the donor and acceptor as evidenced by the unusually wide conduction band of the polymer

Anthropometric factors and breast cancer risk among urban and rural women in South India: a multicentric case–control study

Breast cancer (BC) incidence in India is approximately twice as high in urban women than in rural women, among whom we investigated the role of anthropometric factors and body size. The study was conducted at the Regional Cancer Centre, Trivandrum, and in three cancer hospitals in Chennai during 2002–2005. Histologically confirmed cases (n=1866) and age-matched controls (n=1873) were selected. Anthropometric factors were measured in standard ways. Information on body size at different periods of life was obtained using pictograms. Odds ratios (OR) of BC were estimated through logistic regression modelling. Proportion of women with body mass index (BMI)>25.0 kg/m2, waist size >85 cm and hip size >100 cm was significantly higher among urban than rural women. Risk was increased for waist size >85 cm (pre-menopausal: OR=1.24, 95% CI: 0.96–1.62; post-menopausal: 1.61, 95% CI: 1.22–2.12) and hip size >100 cm (pre-menopausal: OR=1.47, 95% CI: 1.05–2.06; post-menopausal 2.42, 95% CI: 1.72–3.41). Large body size at age 10 (OR=1.75, 95% CI: 1.01–3.03) and increased BMI (OR=1.33, 95% CI: 1.05–1.69 for 25.0–29.9 kg/m2 and OR=1.56, 95% CI: 1.03–2.35 for 30+ kg/m2) were associated with pre-menopausal BC risk. Our data support the hypotheses that increased anthropometric factors are risk factors of BC in India

Conceptual Framework on Workplace Deviance Behavior: A Review

This article aims to highlight the importance of organizational climate with both destructive and constructive deviance behaviour in different cultural setting with workplace as a common ground. First, we discuss the need for research in workplace deviance especially destructive and constructive deviance behaviour with the review of previous studies from deviance literature. Next, we present the importance of climate and culture with both destructive and constructive deviance by proposing relationship among them with the help of a framework. The presented theoretical framework can be useful for conducting future empirical research. Finally, we present the conclusion and future research in conducting cross-national research with respect to deviance

Approaches in biotechnological applications of natural polymers

Natural polymers, such as gums and mucilage, are biocompatible, cheap, easily available and non-toxic materials of native origin. These polymers are increasingly preferred over synthetic materials for industrial applications due to their intrinsic properties, as well as they are considered alternative sources of raw materials since they present characteristics of sustainability, biodegradability and biosafety. As definition, gums and mucilages are polysaccharides or complex carbohydrates consisting of one or more monosaccharides or their derivatives linked in bewildering variety of linkages and structures. Natural gums are considered polysaccharides naturally occurring in varieties of plant seeds and exudates, tree or shrub exudates, seaweed extracts, fungi, bacteria, and animal sources. Water-soluble gums, also known as hydrocolloids, are considered exudates and are pathological products; therefore, they do not form a part of cell wall. On the other hand, mucilages are part of cell and physiological products. It is important to highlight that gums represent the largest amounts of polymer materials derived from plants. Gums have enormously large and broad applications in both food and non-food industries, being commonly used as thickening, binding, emulsifying, suspending, stabilizing agents and matrices for drug release in pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. In the food industry, their gelling properties and the ability to mold edible films and coatings are extensively studied. The use of gums depends on the intrinsic properties that they provide, often at costs below those of synthetic polymers. For upgrading the value of gums, they are being processed into various forms, including the most recent nanomaterials, for various biotechnological applications. Thus, the main natural polymers including galactomannans, cellulose, chitin, agar, carrageenan, alginate, cashew gum, pectin and starch, in addition to the current researches about them are reviewed in this article.. }To the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientfíico e Tecnológico (CNPq) for fellowships (LCBBC and MGCC) and the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nvíel Superior (CAPES) (PBSA). This study was supported by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) under the scope of the strategic funding of UID/BIO/04469/2013 unit, the Project RECI/BBB-EBI/0179/2012 (FCOMP-01-0124-FEDER-027462) and COMPETE 2020 (POCI-01-0145-FEDER-006684) (JAT)