A Swarm Based Approach to Improve Traditional Document Clustering Approach

Clustering, an extremely important technique in Data Mining is an automatic learning technique aimed at grouping a set of objects into subsets or clusters. The goal is to create clusters that are coherent internally, but substantially different from each other. Text Document Clustering refers to the clustering of related text documents into groups based upon their content. Document clustering is a fundamental operation used in unsupervised document organization, text data mining, automatic topic extraction, and information retrieval. Fast and high - quality document clustering algorithms play an important role in effectively navigating, summarizing, and organizing information. The documents to be clustered can be web news articles, abstracts of research papers etc. The aim of this paper is to provide efficient document clustering technique involving the application of soft computing approach and the use of swarm intelligence based algorithm

Analysis of the capabilities of continuous high-speed microcontact printing

Thesis (M. Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 2008.Includes bibliographical references (p. 86-87).Microcontact printing uses elastomeric stamps to transfer ink onto a substrate by the process of self-assembly. It has the capability to print features as small as 200nm over large areas. Because of this it has many potential industrial applications in areas such as the manufacture of flexible displays and electronics. Roll to roll is the best model for the commercialization of microcontact printing since it offers advantages such as high throughput, convenient material handling and conformal contact propagation. We have designed and built a tool to study the behavior of microcontact printing in a roll to roll paradigm, with the three fold objective of printing at high speeds, over large areas and obtaining good quality. This thesis emphasizes the experimental part of our project. We have obtained results as low as 28 microns over areas of 5.8"x5" and tight dimensional distributions within 1 micron. According to our results, there is no evidence that the printing load and printing speed have any effect on the printing quality. We have been able to print at speeds as high as 400 fpm with contact times of 7 ms, over 8"x 8", albeit with defects such as air trapping at very high speeds. We have also built a prototype to demonstrate continuous etching as an accompanying process.by Kanika Khanna.M.Eng

The molecular architecture of engulfment during Bacillus subtilis sporulation.

The study of bacterial cell biology is limited by difficulties in visualizing cellular structures at high spatial resolution within their native milieu. Here, we visualize Bacillus subtilis sporulation using cryo-electron tomography coupled with cryo-focused ion beam milling, allowing the reconstruction of native-state cellular sections at molecular resolution. During sporulation, an asymmetrically-positioned septum generates a larger mother cell and a smaller forespore. Subsequently, the mother cell engulfs the forespore. We show that the septal peptidoglycan is not completely degraded at the onset of engulfment. Instead, the septum is uniformly and only slightly thinned as it curves towards the mother cell. Then, the mother cell membrane migrates around the forespore in tiny finger-like projections, whose formation requires the mother cell SpoIIDMP protein complex. We propose that a limited number of SpoIIDMP complexes tether to and degrade the peptidoglycan ahead of the engulfing membrane, generating an irregular membrane front

Comprehensive Literature Review and Evidence evaluation of Experimental Treatment in COVID 19 Contagion

Importance: Coronavirus 2019 pandemic (COVID 19) is caused by the Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS CoV-2) virus. The pandemic is affecting the livelihood of millions of people all over the world. At the time of preparing this report, the pandemic has affected 1 827 284 patients, with 113 031 deaths in 185 countries as per Johns Hopkins University. With no proven treatment for the disease, prevention of the disease in the community and healthcare setting is need of the hour. Objective: To perform a comprehensive literature search for preventive measures and experimental treatment options. In this review, we have focused our discussion on the risk of disease transmission, supportive treatment, and possible treatment options based on available evidence. Evidence Review: We performed a literature search on google scholar, PubMed, and society guidelines for literature related to COVID 19 and previous coronavirus pandemics. We included data review articles, observational studies, and controlled trials to synthesize the treatment options for COVID 19. Findings: In this article, we have extensively reviewed and discussed recommendations from various world organizations for the public and healthcare workers. We have also discussed currently available experimental treatments since there is no proven treatment for COVID 19. The best method of dealing with the current outbreak is to reduce the community spread and thus “flatten the curve.” Although Hydroxychloroquine, Remdesivir, Lopinavir/Ritonavir, and Azithromycin have been tried, passive immunity through convalescent serum and vaccine is still at an experimental stage. Patients with severe COVID 19 infections could be considered for this experimental treatment through various national randomized control trials, which may eventually lead to an evidence-based treatment strategy. Conclusions and Relevance: Awareness of currently available experimental treatment among healthcare providers and exploration of possible treatment options through evidence is need of the hour. We have discussed the most recently available literature and evidence behind experimental treatment in this article

A review of commonly performed bariatric surgeries: Imaging features and its complications

Obesity is a disease that has achieved the level that can be considered an epidemic. According to the National Center for Health Statistics data, the prevalence of obesity has increased from 30.5% in 1999-2000 to 42.4% in 2017-2018. During the same period, severe obesity has increased from 4.7% to 9.2%. With the growing prevalence of obesity, related conditions such as coronary artery disease, diabetes, and strokes have also become more prevalent. In the past few years, the need for bariatric surgeries such as laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, sleeve gastrectomy, and laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding has increased considerably. With an increasing number of bariatric surgeries, multiple postoperative complications have become common. In this review, we have attempted to describe normal postsurgical anatomical findings after bariatric surgeries and pictorial review of a few common postoperative complications

Enthralling the impact of engineered nanoparticles on soil microbiome: A concentric approach towards environmental risks and cogitation.

Nanotechnology is an avant-garde field of scientific research that revolutionizes technological advancements in the present world. It is a cutting-edge scientific approach that has undoubtedly a plethora of functions in controlling environmental pollutants for the welfare of the ecosystem. However, their unprecedented utilization and hysterical release led to a huge threat to the soil microbiome. Nanoparticles(NPs) hamper physicochemical properties of soil along with microbial metabolic activities within rhizospheric soils.Here in this review shed light on concentric aspects of NP-biosynthesis, types, toxicity mechanisms, accumulation within the ecosystem. However, the accrual of tiny NPs into the soil system has dramatically influenced rhizospheric activities in terms of soil properties and biogeochemical cycles. We have focussed on mechanistic pathways engrossed by microbes to deal with NPs.Also, we have elaborated the fate and behavior of NPs within soils. Besides, a piece of very scarce information on NPs-toxicity towards environment and rhizosphere communities is available. Therefore, the present review highlights ecological perspectives of nanotechnology and solutions to such implications. We have comprehend certain strategies such as avant-garde engineering methods, sustainable procedures for NP synthesis along with vatious regulatory actions to manage NP within environment. Moreover, we have devised risk management sustainable and novel strategies to utilize it in a rationalized and integrated manner. With this background, we can develop a comprehensive plan about NPs with novel insights to understand the resistance and toxicity mechanisms of NPs towards microbes. Henceforth, the orientation towards these issues would enhance the understanding of researchers for proper recommendation and promotion of nanotechnology in an optimized and sustainable manner

The Molecular Architecture of Spore Morphogenesis in Bacillus subtilis

Many cellular processes in bacteria transpire at a scale of ~1-2 µm that are difficult to study by optical microscopy alone due to limitations imposed by diffraction properties of light. Hence, visualization of cellular structures at a high spatial resolution in the native cellular milieu in bacteria is a poorly explored field. My thesis aims to study the process of sporulation in a Gram-positive bacterium, Bacillus subtilis. During conditions of nutrient deprivation, B. subtills undergoes a developmental pathway that culminates in the production of two cells with different sizes and fates, the smaller forespore and the larger mother cell. I have studied different stages of sporulation in B. subtilis using novel modalities in the field of cryo-electron microscopy, namely cryo-focused ion beam milling coupled with cryo-electron tomography (or cryo-FIB-ET). Cryo-FIB-ET allows visualization of macromolecules inside the cell at a resolution of a few nanometers. Using this technique, I have elucidated important principles governing the following processes during sporulation: (1) Polar cell division: We demonstrate that FtsAZ filaments, the major orchestrator of cell division in bacteria are localized uniformly around the leading edge of the invaginating septum during vegetative growth but present only on the mother cell side during sporulation, a process mediated by a sporulation-specific protein, SpoIIE. This asymmetry in divisome localization during sporulation dictates not only the septal thickness but also the diverse fate of the two daughter cells. (2) Engulfment: We study the role of cell wall remodeling and chromosome translocation during engulfment. We show that the mother cell membrane migrates in finger-like projections around the forespore due to uneven cell wall degradation. We also show that the turgor pressure generated by the forespore chromosome inflates the forespore and helps it maintain its well-rounded shape. These studies have thrown light on spatiotemporal regulation of important complexes dictate architectural transformations during engulfment. Overall, our studies have added more cases to support the observation that several complex traits to regulate critical cellular processes like division, cell migration, DNA dynamics, cell shape etc. that were previously thought to be a characteristic of only eukaryotes are also present in prokaryotes and that cryo-FIB-ET will likely be the tool of the future to probe these and other processes at a molecular detail