Methodology and potential of image analysis and unconventional use of GIS tools in determining grain size distribution and fractal dimension : a case study of fault rocks in the Western Tatra Mts. (Western Carpathians, Poland)

A methodology of textural analyses based on image analysis is proposed and tested based on study of fault rock samples from the Tatra Mts., Poland. The procedure encompasses: (1) SEM-BSE imagery of thin sections; (2) image classification using the maximum likelihood method, performed with GIS software; (3) statistical analysis and fractal dimension (self-similarity) analysis. The results of this method are comparable to those obtained with methods involving specialized software. The proposed analytical procedure particularly improves qualitative observations with quantitative data on grain shape and size distribution. The potential of the method is shown, as an auxiliary tool in determining the nature of deformation processes: the role of high-temperature dynamic recrystallization processes is recorded using grain shape indicators, whilst the switch from ductile to brittle conditions is reflected by the grain size distribution pattern

Microstructures of shear zones from selected domains of the Western Tatra Mountains

The paper is focused on the meso- and microstructural characteristics of selected shearing zones in the Western Tatra Mts. The domains of crystalline rocks studied (Długi Upłaz Ridge, Rakoń Mt., Zabraty Ridge and Zabrať Pass, Wołowiec Mt., Trzydniowiański Mt., Czubik Mt. and Jarząbczy Mt.) show evidences of heterogeneous shearing with development of shear zones. Four types of shear zones were distinguished: (1) ductile shear zones in gneisses, (2) brittle-ductile complex shear zones, (3) gneisses with clear later brittle deformation; (4) leucogranites, produced by anatexis with later brittle deformation. The development of these shear zones is characterised by occurrences of various types of fault rocks: cataclasites, S-C cataclasites and mylonites. The different shearing-related rocks and structures are interpreted as an effect of protolith diversity and strain partitioning. Shape-preferred orientation is an important structural feature of all the shearing-related rocks. Kinematic analyses revealed generally a southward sense of shearing documented by structures related to brittle conditions and northwards sense of shearing recognised in ductily sheared crystalline rocks. The time relationships between different shear zone types are discussed, leading to the conclusions that the 1st type of shear zone is pure Variscan, the 2nd type is Variscan with Alpine brittle deformation, and the 3rd and 4th types are mainly Alpine brittle deformations of Variscan syntectonic anatectic leucogranites

Microfabric diversity and grain shape analysis of fault rocks from the selected areas of the Western Tatra Mountains

Fault rocks in brittle and brittle-ductile shear zones played a key role in the evolution of the Western Tatra Mountains crystalline rocks (Poland–Slovakia). Microfabrics of these rocks, including grain shape analyses, were investigated in the six areas of the Western Tatra Mountains. Based on studies of thin sections, 14 types of fault rock microfabric are distinguished, according to the following criteria: (a) the presence and abundance levels of a cataclastic matrix and (b) the presence and form of a preferred orientation features. General tendencies observed in these areas indicate southwards increasing non-coaxial deformation as well as the domination of ultracataclasites or ultramylonites to phyllonites in areas with negative relief (e.g., sedlo Zabrat’ Pass, Dziurawa Przełęcz Pass). A model of shear zone evolution embracing following three stages is proposed: (1) deformation partitioning and block-controlled cataclastic flow, (2) matrix-controlled cataclastic flow, (3) selective leaching and deposition of silica, leading to the formation of softened and hardened deformation domains respectively. These microstructural observations were supported by statistical analyses of the grain shape indicators (compactness, isometry, ellipticity, solidity, convexity). Two trends of relationships between compactness and convexity were noted: the first, horizontal on the correlation diagrams, was interpreted as an effect of rapid cataclasis and then sericitization, the second, with a strongly negative correlation coefficient, was considered as an effect of long-term cataclastic flow. The different microfabric data and microstructural interpretations described in this paper are consistent with a new model of the tectonic history of the Western Tatra Mountains evolution, with an important role for a non-coaxial deformation during Alpine orogeny in brittle and brittle-ductile conditions

The KRASG12C inhibitors in lung cancer therapy

Introduction: Lung cancer is characterized by the highest mortality among cancers and is the second most frequently diagnosed type of cancer in the world. Targeted therapies are a promising therapeutic option for patients with this disease, however, one of the most common and most malignant mutations (KRAS) remains a challenge. Purpose: The aim of this study is to bring closer the problem of the KRAS mutation, in particular KRASG12C, and to present the most important information about the compounds created for therapies targeted at it.For a better understanding of the issue, the study contains information about the mechanisms of both mutation and drugs, as well as the most important statistical data and research results. Materials and methods: The review was based on articles available in the PubMed database. Conclusions: Two drugs targeting KRASG12C (sotorasib and adagrasib) have proven their clinical effectiveness and represent a milestone in the development of targeted therapies for lung cancer with this mutation. However, they are not without side effects, and the emerging resistance and presence of commutations that reduce drug potency continue to challenge the scientific community. Research is underway to refine therapies using existing inhibitors as well as to develop further compounds targeting KRASG12C

Seborrheic dermatitis - pathogenesis, epidemiology and effective treatment - literature review

Introduction: Seborrheic dermatitis (SD) is common inflammatory dermatology disease. It’s affect up to 3-8% of the population. SD is characterized by erythema yellowish plaques and different level of itching and scaling. The last two symptoms are important factors that affect the quality of life of patients. This condition is usually a reaction to growth of  Malassezia spp and commonly develop in regions of strong sebaceous glands such as the scalp, facial area, chest, back. Other factors include increased activity of sebaceous glands, immunosuppression, and stress. Aim of the study: A review of current stage of knowledge on the pathophysiology, epidemiology of Seborrheic Dermatitis. Recommended management with newest guidelines of this disease. The impact of the Covid-19 pandemic and the use of masks on the incidence of Seborrheic Dermatitis. Material and methods: This review was based on available data searched in the PubMed and Google Scholar by using key words: Seborrheic dermatitis, pathophysiology, epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, clinical presentation, scalp, infant.  Conclusion: The Pathogenesis of Seborrheic dermatitis is not fully understood, the exact molecular process needs to be examined. SD is chronic disease with episode of remission and relapse of symptoms. Patients should be informed that ongoing maintenance treatment will be required. Treatment include topical antifungal (ketoconazole, Ciclopirox olamine, zinc pyrithione) and topical anti-inflammatory drugs like mild or mid-strength corticosteroids or calcineurin inhibitors (off-label use). In severe or resistance cases systematic therapy could be necessary. In this situation antifungal drugs (terbinafine, itraconazole) or low dose of isotretinoin are available options. Also new synergic treatments were introduce like cannabinoids or vitamin D which could make therapy more efficiency

Pruritus. Pathomechanism, management and novel treatment

Introduction Itching is an unpleasant sensation that is commonly experienced in the general population. It accompanies many diseases. This sensory experience is burdensome and significantly reduces the quality of life. The mechanism of itching is complex. It involves receptors, the histaminergic and non-histaminergic pathways, cytokines, neuropeptides, neurotransmitters, proteases, and enzymes. External factors such as temperature or capsaicin also influence itching. Aim of the study This review presents the current state of knowledge regarding therapy in the treatment of itching. Also aims to show that it is a complicated process. Pruritus is a very bothersome sensory sensation and is a common symptom.  Material and methods This review was based on scientific books on human physiology and dermatology were used, which are listed in the bibliography and available data collected in the PubMed and Google Scholar database. Using key words:  itch, management, pathogenesis, pathophysiology, pruritus, therapeutics, treatments. Conclusion The latest research on itching has led to a better understanding of this complex mechanism. As a result, there is a possibility of discovering new, innovative treatment methods that are targeted at specific elements of this process or work systemically. Understanding the broad etiology assists in identifying the cause and in implementing an appropriate therapeutic strategy. Further research will enable improvements in treatment and enhance patient comfort

FDA Approves Omaveloxolone based on Successful Moxie Trial Results for Friedreich's Ataxia - Review

Introduction: In recent years, the medical community has witnessed a significant breakthrough in the treatment of Friedreich's Ataxia (FRDA), a rare and debilitating genetic disorder affecting the nervous system. This neurological condition, characterized by progressive muscle weakness, impaired coordination, and cardiomyopathy, has long posed challenges for both patients and healthcare professionals alike. However, there is newfound hope with the recent approval of Omaveloxolone by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA).Aim of the study: This review article aims to present a detailed summary of the FDA's approval of Omaveloxolone as a therapeutic option for Friedreich's Ataxia (FRDA), focusing on the positive results obtained from the MOXIe trial. It covers various aspects of FRDA and explains how Omaveloxolone works as an activator of NRF2, a transcription factor that helps reduce oxidative stress. The MOXIe trial, which examined the safety and effectiveness of Omaveloxolone in FRDA patients, is discussed in detail, including its methodology, primary and secondary goals, and results. Materials and methods: This review was based on available data collected in the PubMed and Google Scholar database, using the key words: FRDA, Friedreich’s Ataxia, Omaveloxolone, RTA 408, NRF2, MOXIe trail.Conclusion: Omaveloxolone has shown significant efficacy in improving neurological function and mFARS scores compared to a placebo in the MOXIe trial. It is well-tolerated with minimal adverse events. Early intervention with Omaveloxolone offers enhanced benefits for managing Friedreich's ataxia progression

The role of glymphatic system in neurological diseases - literature review

Abstract  Introduction: The glymphatic system is the equivalent of the lymphatic system in the brain. This system is responsible for the exchange of metabolism waste products between the cerebrospinal fluid and the interstitial fluid. The glymphatic system functions mainly during sleep, and this is when the removal of interstitial metabolism waste products take place. A proper diet and physical activity are also needed for the glymphatic system to work effectively. Abnormal function of the glymphatic system can contribute to the development of diseases of the central nervous system, including neurodegenerative diseases and migraine.  Aim of the study: The aim of our study is to review the latest knowledge linking the glymphatic system with the pathogenesis of selected neurological diseases and other lifestyle-related factors such as sleep, diet and physical activity. The study included Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, migraines and ischemic stroke.  Materials and methods: We have reviewed the literature available in the pubmed database using keywords: “glymphatic system”; “aquaporin-4”; “Alzheimer’s disease”; “Parkinson’s disease”; “migraines”; “sleep”  Conclusions: The studies discussed here show a clear correlation between the glymphatic system and neurological diseases. The glymphatic system may definitely be involved in the pathophysiology of neurological disorders. A thorough investigation of this issue will help uncover potentially new strategies for the prevention and treatment of neurological diseases.    Key words: glymphatic system; aquaporin-4; Alzheimer’s disease; Parkinson’s disease; migraine; sleep

Deformation structures in the gneissic exotic pebbles from the area of Wołosate (Cisna sandstone, Dukla tectonic unit, Outer Carpathians, Poland)

Gneissic exotic pebbles from the Cisna beds (Dukla tectonic unit) in the region of Wołosate (Bieszczady Mts., Eastern Carpathians) were investigated. These exotic pebbles are from 9.5 to 13 cm in size. Basing on the structural features, the following groups of exotic pebbles were distinguished: granitic gneisses, laminated gneisses, flaser gneisses and mylonitic gneisses. Granite - granodiorite protolith was deformed in the shear zone; strain partitioning was probably an important process during deformation. The observed structures allow to determine the temperature of metamorphism as 500-550^{\circ}C. The lower limit of pressure was determined basing on phengite geobarometer as 5 kbar. The nature and localization of the source area can be similar to the Bretila sequence from the Romanian Eastern Carpathians