Hybrid statistical and mechanistic mathematical model guides mobile health intervention for chronic pain

Nearly a quarter of visits to the Emergency Department are for conditions that could have been managed via outpatient treatment; improvements that allow patients to quickly recognize and receive appropriate treatment are crucial. The growing popularity of mobile technology creates new opportunities for real-time adaptive medical intervention, and the simultaneous growth of big data sources allows for preparation of personalized recommendations. Here we focus on the reduction of chronic suffering in the sickle cell disease community. Sickle cell disease is a chronic blood disorder in which pain is the most frequent complication. There currently is no standard algorithm or analytical method for real-time adaptive treatment recommendations for pain. Furthermore, current state-of-the-art methods have difficulty in handling continuous-time decision optimization using big data. Facing these challenges, in this study we aim to develop new mathematical tools for incorporating mobile technology into personalized treatment plans for pain. We present a new hybrid model for the dynamics of subjective pain that consists of a dynamical systems approach using differential equations to predict future pain levels, as well as a statistical approach tying system parameters to patient data (both personal characteristics and medication response history). Pilot testing of our approach suggests that it has significant potential to predict pain dynamics given patients' reported pain levels and medication usages. With more abundant data, our hybrid approach should allow physicians to make personalized, data driven recommendations for treating chronic pain.Comment: 13 pages, 15 figures, 5 table

Improving Society and the Planet: Sustainability and Fashion Post-Pandemic

The COVID-19 pandemic has exposed the vulnerability of our ecosystem and demonstrated a crucial need to address sustainability across the fashion supply chain, including the end-use consumer. As consumers become more conscious and demand sustainable fashion, the question of whether the pandemic has shaped such behaviors for long-term transitions remains unanswered. This qualitative study aimed to understand whether the COVID-19 pandemic has created a societal shift in individual attitudes toward sustainable fashion, whether it can help to motivate long-term sustainable consumption practices, and whether positive psychology plays a role in this context. With online survey data collected from 154 US consumers, summative content analysis and thematic analysis results revealed that as consumers continued to be puzzled by what constitutes sustainability, their pro-sustainability attitudes and behaviors did not evolve as claimed by prior literature. However, not only positive emotions associated with care and concern motivated consumers’ pro-sustainability, but indeed post-purchase positive feelings of contentment and altruism were revealed, affirming the need for marketing messages to incorporate positive psychology perspectives to motivate long-term sustainable fashion consumption practices

Land-use changes from arable crop to kiwi-orchard increased nutrient surpluses and accumulation in soils

The potential environmental risk associated to nutrient surpluses after changing arable crops to kiwi-orchards was assessed in the Yujiahe catchment of Shaanxi, China. This was achieved by surveying 242 kiwi-orchards and 21 croplands and determining their nutrient inputs and outputs as well as the soil nutrient status for the over 2 years. The total inputs of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) from fertilizers, manures, deposition, and irrigation in kiwi-orchards were 1201, 268 and 615 kg ha−1 yr−1, respectively, which were higher than the rates of 425, 59 and 109 kg ha−1 yr−1 in wheat-maize fields. The mean annual apparent nutrient surpluses in kiwi-orchards were 1081 kg N ha−1 yr−1, 237 kg P ha−1 yr−1 and 491 kg K ha−1 yr−1. Within comparison to the croplands, the soil organic matter (SOM) and total N (TN) in the topsoil (0–20 cm) increased in kiwi-orchards, and soil pH decreased. The average contents of Olsen-P, and available K in 0–20 cm soils of the orchards were 86 mg kg−1, and 360 mg kg−1, which were higher than recommended levels. The nitrate-N accumulation in the 0–100 cm and 0–200 cm soil layers in kiwi-orchards were 466 and 793 kg N ha−1, respectively. The high proportion of nitrate-N in deeper soil profiles of kiwi-orchards poses a great risk for nitrate leaching and subsequent ground water pollution. It is concluded that changing arable crops to kiwi-orchards increased the environmental burden of the catchment due to excessive fertilizer application in kiwi-orchards

Rigor and Responsiveness in Classroom Activity

Background/Context: There are few examples from classrooms or the literature that provide a clear vision of teaching that simultaneously promotes rigorous disciplinary activity and is responsive to all students. Maintaining rigorous and equitable classroom discourse is a worthy goal, yet there is no clear consensus of how this actually works in a classroom. Focus of Study: What does highly rigorous and responsive talk sound like and how is this dialogue embedded in the social practices and activities of classrooms? Our aim was to examine student and teacher interactions in classroom episodes (warm-ups, small group conversations, whole group conversation, etc.) and contribute to a growing body of research that specifies equity in classroom practice. Research Design: This mixed-method study examines differences in discourse within and across classroom episodes (warm-ups, small group conversations, whole group conversation, etc.) that elevated, or failed to elevate, students’ explanatory rigor in equitable ways. Data include 222 secondary science lessons (1,174 episodes) from 37 novice teachers. Lessons were videotaped and analyzed for the depth of students’ explanatory talk and the quality of responsive dialogue. Findings: The findings support three statistical claims. First, high levels of rigor cannot be attained in classrooms where teachers are unresponsive to students’ ideas or puzzlements. Second, the architecture of a lesson matters. Teachers and students engaging in highly rigorous and responsive lessons turned potentially trivial episodes (such as warm-ups) of science activity into robust learning experiences, connected to other episodes in the same lesson. Third, episodes featuring one or more forms of responsive talk elevated rigor. There were three forms of responsive talk observed in classrooms: building on students’ science ideas, attending to students’ participation in the learning community, and folding in students’ lived experiences. Small but strategic moves within these forms were consequential for supporting rigor. Conclusions/Recommendations: This paper challenges the notion that rigor and responsiveness are attributes of curricula or individual teachers. Rigorous curriculum is necessary but not sufficient for ambitious and equitable science learning experiences; the interactions within the classroom are essential for sustaining the highest quality of scientific practice and sense-making. The data supported the development of a framework that articulates incremental differences in supporting students’ explanatory rigor and three dimensions of responsiveness. We describe implications for using this framework in the design of teacher programs and professional development models

Tracing the flows of copper and copper alloys in the Early Iron Age societies of the eastern Eurasian steppe

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Disruption of Thyroid Hormone Activation in Type 2 Deiodinase Knockout Mice Causes Obesity With Glucose Intolerance and Liver Steatosis Only at Thermoneutrality

Objective: Thyroid hormone accelerates energy expenditure; thus, hypothyroidism is intuitively associated with obesity. However, studies failed to establish such a connection. In brown adipose tissue (BAT), thyroid hormone activation via type 2 deiodinase (D2) is necessary for adaptive thermogenesis, such that mice lacking D2 (D2KO) exhibit an impaired thermogenic response to cold. Here we investigate whether the impaired thermogenesis of D2KO mice increases their susceptibility to obesity when placed on a high-fat diet. Research Design and Methods: To test this, D2KO mice were admitted to a comprehensive monitoring system acclimatized to room temperature (22$^\circ$C) or thermoneutrality (30$^\circ$C) and kept either on chow or high-fat diet for 60 days. Results: At 22$^\circ$C, D2KO mice preferentially oxidize fat, have a similar sensitivity to diet-induced obesity, and are supertolerant to glucose. However, when thermal stress is eliminated at thermoneutrality (30$^\circ$C), an opposite phenotype is encountered, one that includes obesity, glucose intolerance, and exacerbated hepatic steatosis. We suggest that a compensatory increase in BAT sympathetic activation of the D2KO mice masks metabolic repercussions that they would otherwise exhibit. Conclusions: Thus, upon minimization of thermal stress, high-fat feeding reveals the defective capacity of D2KO mice for diet-induced thermogenesis, provoking a paradigm shift in the understanding of the role of the thyroid hormone in metabolism

Separable mechanisms drive local and global polarity establishment in the Caenorhabditis elegans intestinal epithelium

Apico-basolateral polarization is essential for epithelial cells to function as selective barriers and transporters, and to provide mechanical resilience to organs. Epithelial polarity is established locally, within individual cells to establish distinct apical, junctional and basolateral domains, and globally, within a tissue where cells coordinately orient their apico-basolateral axes. Using live imaging of endogenously tagged proteins and tissue-specific protein depletion in the Caenorhabditis elegans embryonic intestine, we found that local and global polarity establishment are temporally and genetically separable. Local polarity is initiated prior to global polarity and is robust to perturbation. PAR-3 is required for global polarization across the intestine but local polarity can arise in its absence, as small groups of cells eventually established polarized domains in PAR-3-depleted intestines in a HMR-1 (E-cadherin)dependent manner. Despite the role of PAR-3 in localizing PKC-3 to the apical surface, we additionally found that PAR-3 and PKC-3/ aPKC have distinct roles in the establishment and maintenance of local and global polarity. Taken together, our results indicate that different mechanisms are required for local and global polarity establishment in vivo