Who would vote for inflation in Brazil? : an integrated framework approach to inflation and income distribution

Most studies of how inflation affects income distribution focus only on wages or the inflation tax. The authors argue that this approach can be misleading as it ignores important channels through which inflation affects income distribution. The authors present an integrated framework that combines interest bearing assets with labor income and cash holdings. This allows them to describe clearly the conditions under which inflation will create gainers and losers. They apply the model to Brazil, which is a prime candidate for this exercise because its economy combines skewed income distribution and high inflation. They show that in Brazil inflation helped worsen income distribution in the 1980s. Their major findings follow. In 1980-1989, the inflation induced income loss for the lowest quintile in Brazil was an estimated 19 percent a year, of which 16 percent is attributable to the erosion of real wages and the rest to the inflation tax. During the same period, Brazil's middle class which lost close to 30 percent of its annual income, was devastated because of its limited access to indexed assets. But the richest quintile managed to insulate itself from inflation by taking advantage of high real interest on demand deposits - without losing from reduced labor income. Had real assets and subsidized credits been considered in the analysis, the regressive effects on inflation would probably have been worse, say the authors. This raises aquestion: Do these findings about the distributional effects of inflation help explain Brazil's delays in adopting a stabilization program?Economic Theory&Research,Environmental Economics&Policies,Economic Conditions and Volatility,Inequality,Banks&Banking Reform

How can China provide income security for its rapidly aging population?

The authors discuss key choices policy makers face about China's pension system in the face of a rapidly aging population. They describe the problems the current pay-as-you-go system faces in the near and long term and simulate policy options for solving those problems. They find that simple design changes are necessary but not sufficient conditions for making the pension system sustainable. Partial funding is necessary to avoid large increases in future contribution rates. They investigate the impact of the old-age system and economic growth of a multipillar system that includes a modest mandatory tax-financed- basic benefit plus a mandatory fully-funded defined- contribution scheme. Implementation of a partially funded multipillar pensions system must go hand in hand with reform of the financial sector and restructured investment procedures that emphasize the"right"mix of competition, diversification, and regulation. Otherwise, China's pension reform will ultimately fail.Banks&Banking Reform,Pensions&Retirement Systems,Public Health Promotion,Environmental Economics&Policies,Health Monitoring&Evaluation,Banks&Banking Reform,Environmental Economics&Policies,Health Monitoring&Evaluation,Wages, Compensation&Benefits,Pensions&Retirement Systems

Caractérisation sérologique des souches d'Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae sérotype 2 à l'aide d'anticorps polyclonaux et monoclonaux

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal

L’Hybridation langagière dans le roman négro-africain francophone : entre subversion du français et réalisme littéraire

Cette contribution porte sur la dimension hybride de la langue française dans l’expression littéraire africaine francophone et propose une typologie des diverses interférences langagières observées à la lecture. Il est ici rendu compte d’une approche littéraire qui se focalise sur les métamorphoses du métissage langagier, à travers une étude exploratoire de plusieurs romans tirés de l’histoire littéraire africaine. Ainsi essaie-t-on de catégoriser les insertions, dans le français classique écrit, des intrants langagiers issus des sociétés d’Afrique subsaharienne, patrimoine socio-linguistique des romanciers négro-africains francophones. La référence au concept d’hybridation est celle faite à un processus particulier d’enrichissement de la langue française littéraire. L’hybridation peut se prêter à plusieurs interprétations mais on l’étudie en se focalisant sur sa dimension vivante, dynamique, nourricière. On s’intéresse à la présence de proverbes, d’interactions verbales typiques, de vocables et d’expressions, voire d’intrants civilisationnels, étrangers à la langue française académique. Est ainsi présentée l’observation d’interférences langagières allant de l’explicite lexical au discret calque syntaxique, qui contribuent à donner à la langue française un nouveau souffle, une nouvelle vitalité qui, tout en étant subversifs par une désacralisation de la langue classique, la rendent plus réaliste et plus apte à restituer l’espace socio-culturel du public africain.Mots clés : Francophone. Interférence. Hybridation. Langue. Métissage. Négro-africain. Proverbe. Roman. Socio-culturelle. Language hybridization in the french-speaking negro-african Novel: between subversion of the french and literary realismAbstract: This contribution relates to the hybrid dimension of the French language in French-speaking African literary expression and proposes a typology of the various language interferences observed during reading. It is here reported on a literary approach which focuses on the metamorphoses of linguistic interbreeding, through an exploratory study of several novels drawn from African literary history. So, we try to categorize the insertions, in written classic French, of language inputs from sub-Saharan African societies, socio-linguistic heritage of French-speaking black African novelists. The reference to the concept of hybridization is that made to a particular process of enriching the literary French language. Hybridization can lend itself to several interpretations, but we study it by focusing on its living, dynamic, nurturing dimension. We are interested in the presence of proverbs, typical verbal interactions, terms and expressions, even civilization inputs, foreign to the French academic language. This is the presentation of the observation of linguistic interference ranging from the lexical explicit to the discreet syntactic tracing, which contribute to give the French language a new breath, a new vitality. All this happens, while being subversive through a decanonization of the classical language, making it more realistic and better able to restore the socio-cultural space of the African public.Keywords: Francophone. Interference. Hybridization. Language. Mixing. Negro-African. Proverb. Novel. Sociocultural. Hibridização linguística no romance negro-africano francófono: entre a subversão da língua francesa e o realismo literárioResumo: O tema deste artigo é a dimensão híbrida da língua francesa expressa na literatura africana francófona e propõe uma tipologia das várias interferências linguísticas observadas durante a leitura. Aqui será relatada uma análise literária que enfoca as metamorfoses do cruzamento linguístico, por meio de um estudo exploratório de vários romances extraídos da história literária africana. Para tanto, tentamos categorizar as inserções, no francês clássico escrito, das contribuições de idiomas das sociedades da África Subsaariana, a herança sócio-linguística dos romancistas negros africanos de língua francesa. A referência ao conceito de hibridação é aquela feita a um processo particular de enriquecimento da língua literária, que pode prestar-se a várias interpretações, mas aqui a estudamos focando sua dimensão viva, dinâmica e estimulante. Estamos interessados na presença de provérbios, interações verbais típicas, termos e expressões, até elementos de civilização, estranhos à língua acadêmica francesa. Essa presença da interferência linguística que varia do explícito lexical ao discreto traçado sintático, contribue para dar um novo fôlego à língua, uma nova vitalidade que, apesar de subversiva por uma decanonização da língua clássica, a torna mais realista e mais capaz de restaurar o espaço sociocultural do público africano.Palavras-chave: Francófono. Interferência. Hibridização. Idioma. Cruzamento. Negro-Africano. Provérbio. Romance. Sociocultural. Hibridación lingüística en la novela negra-africana francofona: entre la subversión de la lengua francesa y el realismo literarioResumen:Esta contribución se relaciona con la dimensión híbrida del idioma francés en la expresión literaria africana francófona y propone una tipología de las diversas interferencias lingüísticas observadas durante la lectura. Aquí se informa sobre un enfoque literario que se centra en las metamorfosis del entrecruzamiento lingüístico, a través de un estudio exploratorio de varias novelas extraídas de la historia literaria africana. Por lo tanto, tratamos de clasificar las inserciones, en el francés clásico escrito, del léxico de idiomas de las sociedades del África subsahariana, herencia socio-lingüística de los novelistas africanos negros de habla francesa. La referencia al concepto de hibridación es la que se hace a un proceso particular de enriquecimiento de la lengua literaria francesa. La hibridación puede prestarse a varias interpretaciones, pero la estudiamos enfocándonos en su dimensión viva, dinámica y enriquecedora. Estamos interesados en la presencia de proverbios, interacciones verbales típicas, términos y expresiones, incluso entradas de civilización, ajenas al idioma académico francés. Esta es la presentación de la observación de la interferencia lingüística que abarca desde el trazado sintáctico léxico explícito hasta el discreto, que contribuyen a dar al idioma francés un nuevo aliento, una nueva vitalidad ya que es a la vez subversiva a través de una decanonización del idioma clásico pero también más realista y capaz de restaurar el espacio sociocultural del público africano.Palabras-clave: Francófono. Interferencia. Hibridación. Lengua. Entrecruzamiento lingüístico. Negro-africano Proverbio. Novela. Sociocultural

Plasmodium falciparum malaria co-infection with tick-borne relapsing fever in Dakar

Abstract Background West African tick-borne relapsing fever (TBRF) due to Borrelia crocidurae and malaria are co-endemics in Senegal. Although expected to be high, co-infections are rarely reported. A case of falciparum malaria and B. crocidurae co-infection in a patient from Velingara (South of Senegal) is discussed. Case A 28\ua0year-old-male patient presented to Aristide Le Dantec Hospital for recurrent fever. He initially presented to a local post health of Pikine (sub-urban of Dakar) and was diagnosed for malaria on the basis of positive malaria rapid diagnostic test (RDT) specific to Plamodium falciparum . The patient was treated as uncomplicated falciparum malaria. Four days after admission the patient was referred to Le Dantec Hospital. He presented with fever (39\ua0\ub0C), soreness, headache and vomiting. The blood pressure was 120/80\ua0mmHg. The rest of the examination was normal. A thick film from peripheral blood was performed and addressed to the parasitology laboratory of the hospital. Thick film was stained with 10% Giemsa. Trophozoite of P. falciparum was identified at parasite density of 47 parasites per microlitre. The presence of Borrelia was also observed, concluding to malaria co-infection with borreliosis. Conclusions Signs of malaria can overlap with signs of borreliosis leading to the misdiagnosis of the latter. Thick and thin smear or QBC test or molecular method may be helpful to detect both Plamodium species and Borrelia . In addition, there is a real need to consider co-infections with other endemics pathogens when diagnosing malaria

Bis{2-amino-2-oxo-N-[(1E)-1-(pyridin-2-yl-κN)ethyl­idene]acetohydrazidato-κ2 N′,O 1}nickel(II)

In the title compound, [Ni(C9H9N4O2)2], the NiII ion is situated on a twofold rotation axis and is coordinated by two O and four N atoms from two tridentate {2-amino-2-oxo-N-[(1E)-1-(pyridin-2-yl-κN)ethyl­idene]acetohydrazidate ligands in a distorted octa­hedral geometry. In the crystal, N—H⋯O and N—H⋯N hydrogen bonds link the mol­ecules into columns in [001]. The porous crystal packing is further stabilized via π–π inter­actions between the pyridine rings of neighbouring mol­ecules [centroid–centroid distance = 3.746 (3) Å] with voids of 270 Å3

Barcoding: Comparison of Variation Degree of COI and Cytochrome b Mitochondrial Markers in Two Species Primary Maize Pests (Sitophilus zeamais and Sitophilus oryzae)

The phylogeny, taxonomy and identification of insects were originally based upon shared or derived morphological and anatomy criteria. However, these processes are confronted with the barrier of the existence of sympatric or cryptic species. Thus, genetic analyses have more recently played an increasingly important role in confirming existing or establishing often radically different insect