The curricular content of primary education in developing countries

This paper examines the curriculum policies for primary schools in a wide range of developing countries in the 1980s and, to a lesser extent, the 1960s. The research covers what subjects are taught, what percentage of instructional time is allocated to each subject, and how much instructional time is available overall in primary education. The results indicate that there is little international debate about primary school curricula. The curricula of mass education systems are increasingly alike all over the world, with surprisingly little regional and national variation. Almost all national educational systems emphasize certain core subjects: language (35%), math (18%), science (8%), and social science (9%).Curriculum&Instruction,Teaching and Learning,Primary Education,Gender and Education,ICT Policy and Strategies

Tourism and Globalization in Latin America and the Caribbean: The Ethics and Concerns of Mass Tourism and Ecotourism

The ethics of ecotourism and mass tourism have different implications on the local populations and environment in developing regions, such as in Latin America and the Caribbean. This paper explores the ethics related to these two types of tourism, what the advantages and disadvantages of combining them would be, how they affect the local populations and environment, and the necessary actions to successfully change and create a sustainable tourism industry. Information and examples from various authors and their scholarly research were used to formulate a discussion about the ethics of ecotourism and mass tourism. Overall, the importance of creating a sustainable management system, local participation and protection of the environment were viewed as necessary steps to ensuring the success of tourism

The Buddhist Poetry of the Great Kamo Priestess

Senshi was born in 964 and died in 1035, in the Heian period of Japanese history (794–1185). Most of the poems discussed here are what may loosely be called Buddhist poems, since they deal with Buddhist scriptures, practices, and ideas. For this reason, most of them have been treated as examples of a category or subgenre of waka called Shakkyoka, “Buddhist poems. Yet many Shakkyoka are more like other poems in the waka canon than they are unlike them. In the case of Senshi’s “Buddhist poems,” their language links them to the traditions of secular verse. Moreover, the poems use the essentially secular public literary language of waka to address and express serious and relatively private religious concerns and aspirations. In reading Senshi’s poems, it is as important to think about their relationship to the traditions and conventions of waka and to other waka texts as it is to think about their relationship to Buddhist thoughts, practices, and texts. The Buddhist Poetry of the Great Kamo Priestess creates a context for the reading of Senshi’s poems by presenting what is known and what has been thought about her and them. As such, it is a vital source for any reader of Senshi and other literature of the Heian period

The Buddhist Poetry of the Great Kamo Priestess

Senshi was born in 964 and died in 1035, in the Heian period of Japanese history (794–1185). Most of the poems discussed here are what may loosely be called Buddhist poems, since they deal with Buddhist scriptures, practices, and ideas. For this reason, most of them have been treated as examples of a category or subgenre of waka called Shakkyoka, “Buddhist poems. Yet many Shakkyoka are more like other poems in the waka canon than they are unlike them. In the case of Senshi’s “Buddhist poems,” their language links them to the traditions of secular verse. Moreover, the poems use the essentially secular public literary language of waka to address and express serious and relatively private religious concerns and aspirations. In reading Senshi’s poems, it is as important to think about their relationship to the traditions and conventions of waka and to other waka texts as it is to think about their relationship to Buddhist thoughts, practices, and texts. The Buddhist Poetry of the Great Kamo Priestess creates a context for the reading of Senshi’s poems by presenting what is known and what has been thought about her and them. As such, it is a vital source for any reader of Senshi and other literature of the Heian period

What treatments are safe and effective for mild to moderate hypertension in pregnancy?

There is considerable debate concerning the treatment of mild to moderate essential hypertension during pregnancy. Evidence suggests that because of the potential risk of fetal intrauterine growth restriction, treatment of hypertension should be delayed until maternal blood pressure reaches 150-160 mm Hg systolic or 100-110 mm Hg diastolic, as long as the mother has no preexisting end organ damage. Methyldopa has been the drug of choice for oral treatment, as it is the only medication to have any extended follow-up study. However, a recent meta-analysis raised the possibility of increased fetal mortality (strength of recommendation [SOR]: A, based on systematic review of randomized controlled trials)

研究発表 平安期の和文の日記と漢文の日記 ―「ジャンル」に関する一考察―

The relationship between so-called wabun diaries and kanbun diaries of the Heian court invites re-examination. Analysis, interpretation and treatment of the “women’s kana diaries” of the l0th and 11th centuries has generally been carried out entirely separately from discussions of kanbun courtier journals written by men. As texts, there are of course fundamental differences among these types of diaries. But what happens if, while recognizing these fundamental differences, we attempt to discuss both types together from an integrated perspective? This methodological issue is closely interrelated with the problems of defining “literature” as distinct from “history” and with the problematic relationship between genre and gender. It is also related to issues involved in classifying and defining the genres of classical Japanese literature as such. In the context of the international project of constructing a new, revisionist history of Japanese literature, this particular relationship-between these two kinds of diaries-is one especially challenging but important task.This presentation will discuss sections of Murasaki Shikibu nikki, selected diary-like sections of Makura no soushi, and other kana diaries alongside sections of Shouyuuki, Midou kanpaku ki, and other kiroku, to raise questions about the fundamental character of such diaries. In particular, the paper will examine passages in both kinds of works in which the composition and performance of uta (waka, saibara, etc.) and shi (kanshi, rouei, etc.) are reported and reproduced, and the role and significance of such songs and poems in these diaries will be discussed