Toksigenitas Corynebacterium diphtheriae Pada Sampel Kejadian Luar Biasa Difteri Tahun 2010 – 2015 Menggunakan Elektes

Strain Corynebacterium diphtheriae dapat dibedakan berdasarkan sifat toksigenisitas atau kemampuannya dalam memproduksi toksin difteri. Jenis C.diphtheriae yang mampu memproduksi toksin disebut jenis toksigenik, sedangkan yang tidak memproduksi toksin disebut jenis non-toksigenik. Diagnosis laboratorium dalam mendeteksi C.diphtheriae dilakukan dengan cara kultur, isolasi dan identifikasi serta penentuan toksigenitas dari difteri. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menentukan toksigenitas C.diphtheriae pada isolat hasil investigasi kejadian luar biasa antara tahun 2010 sampai 2015. Sebanyak 61 Isolat C.diphtheriae ditumbuhkan dan diidentifikasi kembali, kemudian dilakukan uji toksigenitas dengan cara elektes. Hasil pemeriksaan kultur dan isolasi menunjukkan 57 isolat adalah C.diphtheriae dengan berbagai sub tipe dan 4 isolat adalah Corynebacterium pseudodiphthericum yang merupakan bakteri bersifat komensal di saluran pernapasan atas dan kulit manusia. Hasil elektes dari 57 isolat menunjukkan 54 isolat C.diphtheriae adalah toksigenik dan 3 isolat non toksigenik. Simpulan studi ini ialah isolat C.diphtheriae hasil investigasi KLB didapatkan 54 isolat toksigenik dan 3 isolat non toksigenik

IDENTIFIKASI PENYEBAB KEJADIAN LUAR BIASA KOLERA DI PAPUA TERKAIT KONTAK JENAZAH DAN SANITASI

Cholera outbreak in District Nabire and Paniai, Papua province in May to August in 2008 killed 105 people. The aim or the research was to describe the infection of cholera through human corpse and sanitation. Bacteriological examination was conducted on rectal swabs from diarrhea victims and theirs contacts and sources of water from three places. The samples were cultured, isolated, examined the serology test in the Bacteriology laboratory of the Center for Research and Pharmaceuticals Biomedical Agency, National Institute of Health and Research Development Jakarta. The results showed that the occurrence outbreak in Papua Province was caused by Ogawa, subtype of Vibrio cholera that also contaminated the water sources. The Culture of Papuan, hugging and kissing the human corpse made the evidence of cholerae worst

DNA Sequence Analysis of dtxR Gene (Partial) of Corynebacterium diphtheriae Causing Diphtheria in Jawa and Kalimantan Islands, Indonesia

BACKGROUND: dtxR gene is a global regulator that can be used as a marker for detection of Corynebacterium diphtheriae (C. diphtheriae) and it is also a representative tool for mapping purpose (molecular typing) of this bacteria. The aim of this study was to analyze the DNA sequences of partial dtxR gene of C. diphtheriae causing diphtheria in some region of Indonesia. DNA sequence analysis was used to verify the accuracy of the in-house multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method that used for detection of C. diphtheriae in the clinical specimen as well as a preliminary study to determine the strain diversity of C. diphtheriae circulating in Indonesia.METHODS:Ten PCR products targeting the dtxR gene that have been detected as positive C. diphtheriae previously by in-house multiplex PCR used as samples in this study. The DNA sequencing carried out by Sanger method and the sequence data was analyzed by Bioedit software offline and basic local alignment sequence typing (BLAST) online.RESULTS: All of DNA sequence analyzed in this study were similar or identical to the dtxR gene sequence data of C. diphtheriae registered in GenBank. Within the 162 nucleotides (base 150-311) of dtxR gene that analyzed, at least 2 clonals were found among 10 samples. Substitutions of 2 nucleotides (base 225 and 273) was detected, both were silent mutation.CONCLUSION:Ten partial DNA sequences of dtxR genes in this study verify the accuracy of in-house multiplex PCR which used to identify the bacteria causing diphtheria in the clinical specimen. The DNA sequences also represent the existing diversity of the bacteria causing diphtheria circulating in Indonesia.KEYWORDS: dtxR, C. diphtheriae, diphtheria, Indonesi

Diphtheria-like Diseases, Penyakit Zoonosis Sejenis Difteri yang Disebabkan oleh Corynebacterium Ulcerans yang Harus Diwaspadai

Corynebacterium ulcerans merupakan bakteri penyebab zoonosis yang umumnya ditemukan pada binatang peliharaan atau ternak. Pada beberapa kasus dapat ditemukan pada manusia walaupun jarang dengan gejala yang ditimbulkan menunjukkan kemiripan dengan difteri (Diphtheria-like Diseases ) yakni dengan terbentuknya pseudomembran pada saluran pernapasan dan gangguan kardiovaskular. Corynebacterium ulcerans mempunyai kemampuan memproduksi toxin yang mirip dengan toxin yang dihasilkan oleh Corynebacterium diphtheriae penyebab difteri pada manusia. Walaupun kasus ini jarang ditemukan namun kewaspadaan perlu diantisipasi untuk menghindari penyebaran penyakit. Tujuan dari penulisan ini adalah untuk mengetahui penularan C.ulcerans dari hewan ke manusia. Penulusuran literatur melalui google cendikia dengan mencari literatur yang berhubungan dengan kasus diphtheria-like diseases serta kasus luka ulcer pada manusia dan hewan yang disebabkan C.ulcerans. Dari hasil penelusuran beberapa artikel didapatkan bahwa penularan Corynebacterium ulcerans melalui hewan peliharaan dapat menyebabkan diphtheria-like diseases ke manusia

DISTRIBUTION AND COMPOSITION OF THE MAIN ACTIVE COMPONENTS FOUND IN STINGLESS BEE PROPOLIS FROM VARIOUS REGIONS IN INDONESIA

Objective: The aim of this study is to map out the distribution and composition of the main active components found in stingless bee propolis from various regions in Indonesia. Methods: The stingless bee propolis used was obtained from ten different provinces in Indonesia and the active components analysis using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometer (GC-MS) pyrolyzer. Results: This study found 85 main types of active components with concentrations of ≥ 1%. The most frequently found active component was alpha-d-glucopyranoside, which had an average concentration of 28.20%. Conclusion: There were differences between the main active components found in 14 samples of stingless bee propolis obtained from 10 provinces in Indonesia, which was due to the variety of bee species and plant origin

Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern of Corynebacterium diphtheriae Isolated from Outbreaks in Indonesia 2010-2015

BACKGROUND: Diptheria cases are treated with both anti-diphtheria serum (ADS) and antibiotics. Penicillin and erythromycin are the primary choices for any Corynebacterium diphtheriae (C. diphtheriae) infection. Antibiotic susceptibility pattern of C. diphtheriae has not been reported in Indonesia since 1982. The improper use of antibiotics, as well as, the consumption of antibiotics without prescription, will increase the resistance of C. diphtheriae. This study aims to determine the susceptibility pattern and the effectiveness of C. diphtheriae to several antibiotics.METHODS: A total of 57 C. diphtheriae isolates were recultured by using Blood Agar (BA) and Cystine Tellurite Blood Agar (CTBA). Afterward, these isolates were identified by using API Coryne. The antibiotic susceptibility pattern was determined by using Kirby Bauer Method based on CLSI M45-A2.RESULTS: These studies revealed that as the primary choice of diphtheria cases, 10.5% of C. diphtheriae isolates were resistant to Penicillin and 5.3% were resistant to erythromycin. Seven isolates (12%) showed resistance to more than one antibiotics, such as tetracycline and clindamycin, vancomycin and clindamycin, penicillin and tetracycline, also penicillin and vancomycin. Moreover, 4 isolates (7%) were resistant to 3-5 antibiotics. All isolates were susceptible to moxifloxacin and linezolid.CONCLUSION: Some C. diphtheriae isolates were resistant to penicillin and erythromycin, which are known as the primary choice for the treatment of C. diphtheriae infection. Even though, all isolates susceptible to moxifloxacin and linezolid.KEYWORDS: Corynebacterium diphtheriae, resistance, antimicrobia