54 research outputs found
Closed-loop liquid-liquid immiscibility in mixture of particles with spherically symmetric interaction
Thermodynamic perturbation theory for central-force (TPT-CF) type of
associating potential is used to study the phase behavior of symmetric binary
mixture of associating particles with spherically symmetric interaction. The
model is represented by the binary Yukawa hard-sphere mixture with additional
spherically symmetric square-well associative interaction located inside the
hard-core region and valid only between dissimilar species. To account for the
change of the system packing fraction due to association we propose an extended
version of the TPT-CF approach. In addition to the already known four types of
the phase diagram for binary mixtures we were able to identify the fifth type,
which is characterized by the absence of intersection of the -line
with the liquid-vapour binodals and by the appearance of the closed- loop
liquid-liquid immiscibility with upper and lower critical solution
temperatures.Comment: 11 pages, 5 figure
Second-order Barker-Henderson perturbation theory for the phase behavior of polydisperse Morse hard-sphere mixture
We propose an extension of the second-order Barker-Henderson perturbation
theory for polydisperse hard-sphere multi-Morse mixture. To verify the accuracy
of the theory, we compare its predictions for the limiting case of monodisperse
system, with predictions of the very accurate reference hypernetted chain
approximation. The theory is used to describe the liquid-gas phase behavior of
the mixture with different type and different degree of polydispersity. In
addition to the regular liquid-gas critical point, we observe the appearance of
the second critical point induced by polydispersity. With polydispersity
increase, the two critical points merge and finally disappear. The
corresponding cloud and shadow curves are represented by the closed curves with
'liquid' and 'gas' branches of the cloud curve almost coinciding for higher
values of polydispersity. With a further increase of polydispersity, the cloud
and shadow curves shrink and finally disappear. Our results are in agreement
with the results of the previous studies carried out on the qualitative van der
Waals level of description.Comment: 13 pages, 4 figure
Fluid of fused spheres as a model for protein solution
In this work we examine thermodynamics of fluid with "molecules" represented
by two fused hard spheres, decorated by the attractive square-well sites.
Interactions between these sites are of short-range and cause association
between the fused-sphere particles. The model can be used to study the
non-spherical (or dimerized) proteins in solution. Thermodynamic quantities of
the system are calculated using a modification of Wertheim's thermodynamic
perturbation theory and the results compared with new Monte Carlo simulations
under isobaric-isothermal conditions. In particular, we are interested in the
liquid-liquid phase separation in such systems. The model fluid serves to
evaluate the effect of the shape of the molecules, changing from spherical to
more elongated (two fused spheres) ones. The results indicate that the effect
of the non-spherical shape is to reduce the critical density and temperature.
This finding is consistent with experimental observations for the antibodies of
non-spherical shape.Comment: 12 pages, 5 figure
Phase coexistence in polydisperse multi-Yukawa hard-sphere fluid. High temperature approximation
Liquid-vapour coexistence in the dipolar Yukawa hard-sphere fluid
Thermodynamic perturbation theory for central-force associating
potentials and Monte Carlo simulations are used to study the phase behaviour of the dipolar Yukawa hard-sphere fluid over a wide range of the
particle dipole moment, ΞΌ. Liquid-vapour coexistence is found to exist
for values of ΞΌ far in excess of a βthresholdβ value found in earlier
simulation studies. The predictions of the present theory are found to be
in reasonably good agreement with computer simulation results, all the way
up to the highest dipole moment studied
UASB reactor startup for the treatment of municipal wastewater followed by advanced oxidation process
ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ Π³Π»Π°Π²Π½ΡΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½Ρ Π² Π·Π°Π΄Π°ΡΠ°Ρ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠΈΠ³Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ² (ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΎΠ±Π·ΠΎΡ)
ΠΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ ΠΠ»Π°Π²Π½ΡΡ
ΠΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΠΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½Ρ PIC (Principal Informative Components) Π΄Π»Ρ Π·Π°Π΄Π°Ρ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ, Π² ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π»Π΅ΠΆΠ°ΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΠ³Π½Π°Π» Π½Π΅ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ Π½Π΅ Π½Π°Π±Π»ΡΠ΄Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ. Π ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΌ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΡΡ Π²ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ, ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ, ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ² ΡΠ²ΡΠ·ΠΈ, ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ ΠΈ Π΄Ρ. ΠΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ
Π·Π°Π΄Π°Ρ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ, Π½Π΅ΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΊ ΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠΌ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌ ΠΈΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ. Π‘ΡΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π° PIC ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΈΡ Π² ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ³Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ² Π² ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π±Π°Π·ΠΈΡΠ°Ρ
, ΡΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΈΠ· ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π²Π΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ° Π€ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°. ΠΡΠΈ Π±Π°Π·ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½Ρ ΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ Π² ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΠ»Π°Π²Π½ΡΡ
ΠΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½Ρ PCA (Principal Components Analysis), ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ Π½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΌΡΡΠ» ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ Π½ΠΈΠΌ. Π ΠΎΠ±Π·ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ Π·Π° ΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ» ΠΎΡΠ±ΠΎΡΠ° ΠΊΠΎΠΎΡΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π²Π΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ², Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ, Π²ΠΎ-ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΡ
, Π³Π°ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ³Π½Π°Π»Π° ΠΊ Π½Π΅ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠΌ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ°ΠΌ Π·Π°Π΄Π°ΡΠΈ, Π²ΠΎ-Π²ΡΠΎΡΡΡ
, ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ Β«ΠΏΡΡΠΌΡΠΌΠΈΒ» ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ³Π½Π°Π»Π°, Ρ. Π΅. Π±Π΅Π· ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π±Π°Π·ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ. ΠΠ°Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π° PIC Π΄Π»Ρ Π·Π°Π΄Π°Ρ Π»ΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΉΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈ Π½Π΅Π»ΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΉΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ. Π’Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ±ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΎΡΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π±Π°Π·ΠΈΡΠ°, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΈΠΌΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Π° (Π½Π°Π³Π»ΡΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ, ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ) Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΈΠΌΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΎ-ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Π° (ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ). Π£ΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π° Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠΎΡΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π±Π°Π·ΠΈΡΠ° Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ PIC. Π ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΠΏΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ½ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ»ΡΠΊΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ³Π½Π°Π»Π° ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΡΡ Π³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ° ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΠΈΠ±ΠΊΠΈ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠ°Π½Ρ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π° PIC Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅ Π·Π°Π΄Π°ΡΠΈ Π°ΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Ρ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΆΠ΄Π°ΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ. ΠΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ
ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΉ, Π³Π΄Π΅ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π° PIC ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Ρ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²Π½Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ. Π ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, Π²ΡΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ Π±ΡΡΡ MIMO ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΡ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ»Ρ Π² ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°Ρ
Π±Π΅ΡΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠ° 5G
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