PENURUNAN WARNA AIR GAMBUT DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN SERBUK TULANG AYAM YANG DIAKTIVASI DENGAN NaOH

Air gambut merupakan air permukaan yang terdapat didaerah rawa atau dataran rendah yang memiliki karakteristik warna kecoklatan akibat tingginya kandungan zat zat organik hasil dari pelapukan daun, kayu dan pohon dalam keadaan terlarut. Untuk digunakan sebagai sumber air bersih, air gambut ini perlu dilakukan pengolahan terlebih dahulu. Tujuan utama dalam penelitian ini adalah menurunkan intensitas warna air gambut menggunakan serbuk tulang ayam yang diaktivasi dengan menggunakan NaOH dan mengetahui massa optimum dari serbuk tulang ayam dalam penurunan intensitas warna air gambut. Prinsip dari pengolahan ini adalah mengadsor warna air gambut yang komponen utamanya asam humus dengan bubuk tulang ayam. Dari penelitian ini diperoleh hasil yang cukup baik dimana intensitas warna air gambut dapat berkurang hingga sebesar 92,29 % dengan menggunakan massa serbuk tulang ayam sebesar 1,2 gram

RANCANG BANGUN DAN PENGUJIAN ALAT PRODUKSI BIOGAS DARI KOTORAN SAPI DENGAN VARIASI JUMLAH MIKROBA

Biogas is an alternative energy in the form of gas produced from organic materials. The biggest component of biogas is methane (CH4 , 54-80% volume) and carbon dioxide (20-45% volume) and a small amount of oxygen, H2 , N2 and H2S. The process of making biogas is carried out in fermentation, namely the process of forming methane gas under anaerobic conditions with the help of anaerobic bacteria in a digester so that methane (CH4 ) and carbon dioxide (CO2 ) gases are produced which are larger than hydrogen (H2 ), nitrogen (N2 ) and sulfide acid (H2S). This study aims to make biogas from organic waste materials and cow dung by conducting variations of microorganisms to see how much biogas is produced with a short span of time. The variation of Green Phoskko-7 (GP-7) microorganisms is 250 gr, 350 gr and 450 gr with a fixed composition and material concentration of 133 kg of cow dung: 66 liters of water (2: 1) which is fermented for 7 days with a fixed temperature 35ºC. The results of this study showed that the optimum amount was 450 grams of GP-7 with a volume of 0.338467 m3 and a methane level of 33.492 mol

The Impacts of HCl Concentration and Length of Time to Mesocarp in Producing of Bioethanol

. Studies about renewable energy are evolved continuously to decrease the needs of fuel oils that were diminished. One of the alternative energy sources that can be evolved is bioethanol due to the high amount of oxygen component in it hence it can be combustible and eco-friendly. Mesocarp is farming and trading waste of Cocos Nucifera (Coconut) that contains 40% lignin, 44,4% cellulose, and 15% hemicellulose. Delignification is a process of removing lignin from the materials thus it can produce the high purity of cellulose. As long as this, there were numerous studies that researched about lignocellulose biomass, however the least studies researched the impact of using delignification. Thereby, this study was done for figuring out the impact of HCl concentration and length of time to the decreased lignin content and the quality of bioethanol. The points of impacts that being focused on were 1M, 2M, and 3M HCl concentration, whereas the points of length of time impacts were about 60 minutes, 90 minutes, 120 minutes, 150 minutes, and 180 minutes. The decreased lignin content that was obtained is about 18,5% and the finest bioethanol is 97,38 %, 15oC for flash point, 3,8402 cPs for viscosity, and 0,8252 gr/cm3 for density from delignification using 3M HCl for about 150 minutes. Greater HCl concentration to delignification, greater quality of bioethanol that is produced, therefore can be applied to alternative fuel oils for vehicle.  Keywords: bioethanol, delignification, HCl, mesocar

Waste-Cooking-Oil Free Fatty Acid Reduction Using Deep Eutectic Solvent as Raw Material of Biodiesel

The purpose of this study was to extract the free fatty acid (FFA) of waste-cooking-oil through liquid-to-liquid extraction using choline chloride as a raw material for Deep Eutectic Solvent (DES) as a waste-cooking-oil purifier. Waste-cooking-oil is obtained from the waste of a fast food factory located in Sukarame, South Sumatera. Making a Dep Eutectic Solvent (DES) using compounds of ethylene glycol as Hydrogen Bond Donor mixed with a choline chloride Hydrogen Bond Acceptor with five molar ratios, a reaction temperature of 60 °C and a stirring speed of 150 rpm and 200 rpm for 90 minutes. The extraction molar ratio of waste-cooking-oil and DES with four ratios of molar ratios, extraction time of 2 hours at 60 °C and retention time of separation between DES and used cooking oil was 24 hours. The decrease in FFA of waste-cooking-oil was the highest at 83.87% in the DES 2. Its proves that DES is able to purify waste-cooking-oil by extraction methods to reduce FFA and adsorb other material

Biodiesel Production from Waste Cooking Oil using Induction Heating Technology

Kerupuk and kemplang industries produce at least 65 liters of waste cooking oil per production. One form of the application of science and technology in the field of new and renewable energy can be done in processing the waste oil from industrial production through the conversion process into one of the environmental friendly alternative fuels, biodiesel. Biodiesel production process can be carried out by various methods, such as utilizing induction heating technology. This technology has non-contact properties that do not interfere with the reactions that occur because of its application, which produces heat from the workpiece. This study uses waste cooking oil as raw material with variations in the molar ratios 1:3, 1:4, 1:5, 1:6, and 1:7. The analysis showed that the maximum biodiesel production was used of 1: 7 molar ratio with 86.95% yield, 0.86 gr/cm3 of density, 5.73 cSt of viscosity, 190oC of flash point, and 0.44 mg-KOH/gr of acid number. The using this ratio produces maximum yield and following SNI

Effect of Adding Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) and Slurry on Biogas From Cow Manure to Produced Methane Gas

Biogas is a renewable energy source that is environmentally friendly and economical. High of Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) and cow manure have great potential as a source of raw material for making biogas. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the addition of POME and biogas slurry to the production of biogas from cow manure raw material. The composition of raw materials used are 40 L cow manure, 20 L water, 20 L POME in the first experiment and 40 L cow manure, 20 L water, 20 L biogas slurry in the second experiment. The composition of methane gas was analyzed using the Gas Chromatography. From the results obtained, the addition of POME produced 64.65% of methane gas with biogas production of 54 L and the addition of biogas slurry produced 53.83% of methane gas with biogas production of 58 L

Fatty Acids From Microalgae Botryococcus braunii For Raw Material of Biodiesel

One of the alternative sources of renewable energy that can overcome the environmental crises and the current fossil energy crisis is microalgae. Microalgae contain fatty acids that can be converted into biofuel products, such as biodiesel. This study was a preliminary research which was conducted to determine the amount of fatty acids contained in microalgae and its potentiality to be converted into biodiesel. The microalgae used in this study were Botryococcus braunii. Data collection of fatty acids of Botryococcus braunii were obtained by the direct analysis in the laboratory using an instrument in the form of gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and also obtained from literature study in several research of previous researcher. Based on that, it was found out that Botryococcus braunii contained with oleic acid ranged from 15.65 – 35.85%, linoleic acid 3.05 – 23.15%, palmitic acid 4.03 – 22.13 % and stearic acid 0.48 – 15.41%. The profile and fatty acid content of this preliminary study could be one of the decisive parameters in the selection of microalgae species. Based on results concluded that Botryococcus braunii had good potentiality to be converted into biodiesel because the ratio of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in this species is not much different

Effect of Feed Composition and Product Quantity of Co-Processing Refined Bleached Deodorized Palm Oil (RBDPO)

The research on Co-Processing Refined Bleached Deodorized Palm Oil (RBDPO) was conducted to examine the Effect of Feed Composition and Product Quantity. It is to provide the competitive renewable fuels in accordance with the government programs to promote Renewable Energy (RE) by utilizing the processing unit, infrastructure, transportation, and storage at existing refineries in Indoesia. The product is hydrocarbon fuel with existing specifications from previous petroleum feed. This research was carried out using a reactor temperature of 500-505 oC, feed flow rate of 2800T/D, ratio of RBDPO and VGO feed composition based on% wt, as well as RBDPO composition of 5%, 10%, 12.5%, 15% and 20%, respectively. This was followed by the addition of 15%, 20%, and 5% long residue to the feed component to determine the optimal composition of the product ratio. The result showed that the conversion ratio of valuable products between the base condition (77.7%) and the composition of RBDPO/VGO Co-processing (20/80) produced an optimum yield point for valuable products with a conversion result of 79.3%

The Analysis Of Biogas Fermentation Time From Cow Manure On Fixed Dome Biodigester Batch Systems

Biogas technology from cow manure in Indonesia has been developing for a long time, but the application of its use as an alternative energy source is not yet widely developed, due to various unknown operations and processes. This research aimed to analyzed of biogas fermentation time in batch system of cow manure. This research used a Fixed Dome type biodigester that had a total volume of 500 litters with its operating system in batches with 80% of the slurry containing cow manure and the rest for the gas chamber. The biogas fermentation time were 5, 10,15,20 25 and 30 days. The raw material from cow manure had an organic COD content of 10.240 mg / l with a pH of 6.7. The C/N feed ratio was set in the condition of 25: 1 and the ratio of slurry of cow manure with water was 1: 1. From the results of the study in batch process, it was found that the longer the fermentation time the higher the methane gas content but the methane gas content decreases on the 30 th day from 59,12% on the 25 th day to 50,04% on the 30 th day of fermentation