Epidemiology of patients with bad cervix attending gynaecology OPD of a tertiary care centre in Western Uttar Pradesh, India

Background: Cervical cancer is one of the biggest health problems of women around the world. An estimated 4,70,000 new cases are diagnosed worldwide annually with about 80% of these being in developing countries with India contributing to about a quarter of it. Pap smear and colposcopy are two non-invasive methods for screening of cervical cancer with varying sensitivity and specificity. This study uses these along with histopathology to find out premalignant lesions in women of rural western Uttar Pradesh, India and to find their correlation with various socio-demographic features.Methods: This prospective clinical study was carried out in department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology in Muzaffarnagar Medical College from 1st January 2012 to 31st December 2014. Those patients who fulfilled the inclusion criteria had their Pap smear done at first visit followed by colposcopy when cytology report was available. Colposcopically indicated biopsy was done only in those patients who had suspicious areas on colposcopy.Results: Out of total 500 women included in the study majority although having a bad cervix were having a normal pap smear (45%). LSIL and HSIL were present in 17.4% and 9.8% respectively. Squamous metaplasia was the most common abnormal finding seen in 12.2% of cases followed by acetowhite areas (7.6%). Only 137 patients who had abnormal colposcopic findings were subjected to biopsy.Conclusions: In present study it was found that increasing age, early age at coitarche and high parity are risk factors for high grade lesions. Colposcopy served as a tool to decrease the need for invasive procedure i.e biopsy

Withaferin-A attenuates diabetes mellitus induced male reproductive dysfunction mediated by ERα in brain and testes of Swiss albino mice

Abstract Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disease, characterized by persistent hyperglycemia resulting from diminished insulin secretion or insulin resistance. The present study evaluated the ameliorative effects of Withaferin-A (WA) on DM-induced reproductive dysfunction in mice. For the same, mice were intraperitoneally injected with Streptozotocin (STZ), (40 mg/kg/day) for 5 consecutive days to induce DM. Mice were then treated with WA (8 mg/kg/day) in normal and diabetic conditions (STZ + WA). Next, blood glucose levels, oral glucose tolerance, intraperitoneal insulin tolerance, oxidative stress and reproductive parameters were estimated. For reproductive performance, immunofluorescent localization of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH-I) and estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) in the preoptic area and paraventricular nucleus region of hypothalamus and ERα in testes was performed. STZ-induced diabetes triggered reproductive dysfunctions as mediated by low GnRH-I and ERα in the brain and ERα in the testes along with declined testosterone and estradiol levels. Treatment with WA significantly reduced the blood glucose levels and enhanced glucose clearance accompanied by reduced oxidative stress in the brain, pancreas and testes as indicated by the low levels of H2O2 and MDA in diabetic mice treated with WA (STZ + WA). This study reports, for the first time, that WA can efficiently ameliorate DM-induced reproductive dysfunctions by enhancing endogenous testosterone, estrogen and increased GnRH-I and ERα in the brain and ERα in the testes of DM-induced male mice

<i>Cissus quadrangularis</i> (Hadjod) Inhibits RANKL-Induced Osteoclastogenesis and Augments Bone Health in an Estrogen-Deficient Preclinical Model of Osteoporosis Via Modulating the Host Osteoimmune System

Osteoporosis is a systemic skeletal disease characterised by low bone mineral density (BMD), degeneration of bone micro-architecture, and impaired bone strength. Cissus quadrangularis (CQ), popularly known as Hadjod (bone setter) in Hindi, is a traditional medicinal herb exhibiting osteoprotective potential in various bone diseases, especially osteoporosis and fractures. However, the cellular mechanisms underpinning its direct effect on bone health through altering the host immune system have never been elucidated. In the present study, we interrogated the osteoprotective and immunoporotic (the osteoprotective potential of CQ via modulating the host immune system) potential of CQ in preventing inflammatory bone loss under oestrogen-deficient conditions. The current study outlines the CQ’s osteoprotective potential under both ex vivo and in vivo (ovariectomized) conditions. Our ex vivo data demonstrated that, in a dose-dependent manner CQ, suppresses the RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis (p p p p p p p p < 0.05) (TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-17). In conclusion, our data for the first time delineates the novel cellular and immunological mechanism of the osteoprotective potential of CQ under postmenopausal osteoporotic conditions