Electroreduction of Benzalacetone in N,N -dimethylformamide

The electrochemical reduction of benzalacetone (BA) has been studied at mercury cathodes in N,N-dimethylformamide solutions by the techniques of cyclic voltammetry and controlled potential coulometry. The radical anion (BA\u27-) forms ion pairs with tetraethylammonium cations and then disappears in oligomerization processes. Atentative structureof the dimer BA- BA"-... (C2H5)4N+is suggested on the basis of quantum mechanical callations

Sustainable development and the problems of rural poverty and social exclusion in the EU countries

Purpose: The article discusses the risk of poverty and social exclusion of rural residents in the context of sustainable rural development. Poverty is a social phenomenon that affects all socioeconomic groups; however, rural residents are impacted by this issue more than their urban counterparts. Rural areas are important because they constitute a large part of the European Union (80-95% of the area, depending on the member country) and almost a quarter of the population live there. The aim of the paper is to identify the level of poverty and social exclusion in rural areas of the EU and selected aspiring and EU-related countries. Design/Methodology/Approach: The empirical data in the article come from the EU-SILC (the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions). To realize the abovementioned goal, a multidimensional analysis of correspondence was used. Findings: The Central, Eastern and Southern European countries are at much higher risk of poverty or social exclusion than Western Europe. The study showed that one in four rural residents in the EU were at risk of poverty or social exclusion, and one in five were at risk of poverty. Practical Implications: Determining the proportion of people deprived of the possibility of satisfying their needs at a specific level is a voice in the discussion on further actions that should be undertaken to increase social cohesion and meet the expectations of contemporary sustainable development. Originality/value: The poverty is not a one-dimension phenomenon. It involves many aspects of the everyday life, as proven by the material deprivation rate (also severe material deprivation rate) and the risk of poverty or social exclusion. The authors emphasize that there is a need to modify this indicator.peer-reviewe

Land resources and land use management in Ukraine : problems of agreement of the institutional structure, functions and authorities

Purpose: The article aims to present and discuss the analysis of the institutional structure of land resources and land use management in Ukraine. Design/Methodology/Approach: Sustainable logical and structural integrity of the institutional structure of land resources and land use management is considered as a precondition for economic, ecological, and social growth of the country, the security of social well-being base on legally approved tasks and powers as to agreement of the distribution of responsibilities and authorities between managerial bodies in terms of performance of the functions and regulatory mechanisms of land resources and land use management by the bodies of the executive branch and local government. Findings: Analysis of the institutional structure of land resources and land use management in Ukraine confirms sufficient differentiation and scattering of the managerial functions between numerous state institutions and lack of the appropriate coordination of managerial decisions and control for exercising the authorities and responsibilities. Practical Implications: The proposed matrix of distribution of the responsibilities and authorities enables identifying the potential of institutional transformations in terms of efficient management of land resources and land use, particularly the implementation of changes, which are necessary for Ukraine. Originality/Value: It is proved that the most critical factors for the effectiveness of sustainable land use policy are the establishment of a simple managerial vertical and horizontal of institutions, adequate space organization of the territory, securing working relation “bottom-up” and “top to bottom” of the decisions, and actions of all institutes and structures of the land policy, including bodies of executive power with local government, with individual land-owners and land-users.peer-reviewe

The problem of poverty and social exclusion in the European Union countries in the context of sustainable development

The article addresses the problem of the risk of poverty and social exclusion in the context of sustainable development of rural areas. The empirical materials included in the article come from the EU-SILC (European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions) partial surveys. They constitute a reference point for comparing statistics on income distribution and social integration in the European Union. One of the most important Millennium Development Goals is to eliminate poverty and counteract social marginalization. The research shows that every fourth resident of rural areas in the EU is at risk of poverty or social marginalization. The highest risk of marginalization and/or poverty is among rural residents in Bulgaria (54.8%) and Romania (50.8%), but also in Poland and Lithuania this level exceeds the EU average (by 4.5 percentage points and 9.2 percentage points, respectively). At the other extreme of exclusion are the Netherlands and the Czech Republic with a risk level of 12.8%. The factor constituting the economic security of a household, and as a result the sense of certainty, is income. Its level affects the level of objective poverty measured using the parametric method. In the EU, it is assumed that people whose income does not exceed 60% of the median income in a given country are at risk of poverty. Thus, almost every fifth rural resident in the EU is at risk of poverty. Poverty and social exclusion are multidimensional phenomena. They cause unmet needs in many areas - health care, education, housing, culture and leisure. The lack of adequate income causes a kind of feedback loop and is both a cause and a consequence of deprivation of needs, and also promotes unbalanced development of rural areas

A novel automatic flow method with direct-injection photometric detector for determination of dissolved reactive phosphorus in wastewater and freshwater samples

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Study of Sludge Particles Formed during Coagulation of Synthetic and Municipal Wastewater for Increasing the Sludge Dewatering Efficiency

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