Generation of GeV protons from 1 PW laser interaction with near critical density targets

The propagation of ultra intense laser pulses through matter is connected with the generation of strong moving magnetic fields in the propagation channel as well as the formation of a thin ion filament along the axis of the channel. Upon exiting the plasma the magnetic field displaces the electrons at the back of the target, generating a quasistatic electric field that accelerates and collimates ions from the filament. Two-dimensional Particle-in-Cell simulations show that a 1 PW laser pulse tightly focused on a near-critical density target is able to accelerate protons up to an energy of 1.3 GeV. Scaling laws and optimal conditions for proton acceleration are established considering the energy depletion of the laser pulse.Comment: 26 pages, 8 figure

Влияние ожирения и андрогенного дефицита на кровообращение в предстательной железе

In Study at 120 Diabetes Mellitus II type men the high frequency Obesity (71,7%) and Androgen Deficiency (52,8—64,5% of the patients depending on a degree of the indemnification) and them pathogenic authentic communications were shown. The blood level of total testosterone was represented by the critical factor of Prostatic arterial Blood Circulation. Obesity and Androgen Deficiency are seem as independent risk factors to development of ischemic prostatopathy, such as Prostatic blood circulation Disorders can develop earlier than other variants of the diabetic microangiophaty.При обследовании 120 мужчин с сахарным диабетом 2-го типа выявлена высокая частота ожирения (71,7%) и андрогенного дефицита (52,8—64,5% больных в зависимости от степени его компенсации), между которыми установлена достоверная связь. Уровень общего тестостерона крови представлялся критическим фактором, определявшим скорость артериального кровотока в простате. Ожирение и андрогенный дефицит являются факторам риска развития ишемической простатопатии, так как нарушения органного кровотока в предстательной железе могут возникать раньше других вариантов диабетической микроангиопатии

Новые системные механизмы патогенеза симптомов нижних мочевых путей у мужчин (литературный обзор)

In the Modern Literary Review the newest pathogenic theories of interrelation between widespread somatic pathology — Metabolic Syndrome — and Androgen Deficiency and low urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) at men are considered. Metabolic Syndrome while is poorly familiar practical Urologists. However, they should be informed on an essential role of specified Hormonal and Metabolic factors in Pathogenesis of LUTS at men, as the new understanding of methodology of Urological diseases is possible today only on a joint of specialities.В литературном обзоре рассматриваются новейшие патогенетические теории взаимосвязи широко распространенной соматической патологии — метаболического синдрома — и андрогенного дефицита с симптомами нижних мочевых путей (СНМП) у мужчин. Метаболический синдром пока мало знаком практическим урологам. Однако они должны быть осведомлены о существенной роли указанных гормонально-метаболических факторов в патогенезе СНМП у мужчин, так как новое понимание методологии урологических заболеваний возможно сегодня только на стыке специальностей

Energetic electron and ion generation from interactions of intense laser pulses with laser machined conical targets

The generation of energetic electron and proton beams was studied from the interaction of high intensity laser pulses with pre-drilled conical targets. These conical targets are laser machined onto flat targets using 7–180 µJ pulses whose axis of propagation is identical to that of the main high intensity pulse. This method significantly relaxes requirements for alignment of conical targets in systematic experimental investigations and also reduces the cost of target fabrication. These experiments showed that conical targets increase the electron beam charge by up to 44 ± 18% compared with flat targets. We also found greater electron beam divergence for conical targets than for flat targets, which was due to escaping electrons from the surface of the cone wall into the surrounding solid target region. In addition, the experiments showed similar maximum proton energies for both targets since the larger electron beam divergence balances the increase in electron beam charge for conical targets. 2D particle in cell simulations were consistent with the experimental results. Simulations for conical target without preplasma showed higher energy gain for heavy ions due to 'directed coulomb explosion'. This may be useful for medical applications or for ion beam fast ignition fusion.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/85411/1/nf10_5_055006.pd

Effect of 12 months of testosterone replacement therapy on metabolic syndrome components in hypogonadal men: data from the Testim Registry in the US (TRiUS)

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Recent evidence suggests that there may be a bidirectional, physiological link between hypogonadism and metabolic syndrome (MetS), and testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) has been shown to improve some symptoms of MetS in small patient populations. We examined the effect of 12 months of TRT on MetS components in a large cohort of hypogonadal men.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Data were obtained from TRiUS (Testim^®Registry in the United States), a 12-month, multicenter, prospective observational registry (N = 849) of hypogonadal men prescribed Testim 1% testosterone gel (5-10 g/day). Data analyzed included age, total testosterone (TT), free testosterone (FT), sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), and MetS components: waist circumference, blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, plasma triglycerides, and HDL cholesterol.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Of evaluable patients (581/849) at baseline, 37% were MetS+ (n = 213) and 63% were MetS- (n = 368). MetS+ patients had significantly lower TT (p < 0.0001) and SHBG (p = 0.01) levels. Patients with the lowest quartile TT levels (<206 ng/dL [<7.1 nmol/L]) had a significantly increased risk of MetS+ classification vs those with highest quartile TT levels (≥331 ng/dL [≥11.5 nmol/L]) (odds ratio 2.66; 95% CI, 1.60 to 4.43). After 12 months of TRT, TT levels significantly increased in all patients (p < 0.005). Despite having similar TT levels after TRT, only MetS+ patients demonstrated significant decreases in waist circumference, fasting blood glucose levels, and blood pressure; lowest TT quartile patients demonstrated significant decreases in waist circumference and fasting blood glucose. Neither HDL cholesterol nor triglyceride levels changed significantly in either patient population.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Hypogonadal MetS+ patients were more likely than their MetS- counterparts to have lower baseline TT levels and present with more comorbid conditions. MetS+ patients and those in the lowest TT quartile showed improvement in some metabolic syndrome components after 12 months of TRT. While it is currently unclear if further cardiometabolic benefit can be seen with longer TRT use in this population, testing for low testosterone may be warranted in MetS+ men with hypogonadal symptoms.</p

Russian clinical practice guidelines «congenital adrenal hyperplasia»

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is a group of autosomal recessive diseases characterized by a defect in one of the enzymes or transport proteins involved in the cortisol synthesis in the adrenal cortex. The most common form of CAH, which occurs in more than 90% of cases, is a 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency. The latter is subdivided into nonclassical and classic (salt-losing and virilizing) forms. The prevalence of classic forms of 21-hydroxylase deficiency ranges from 1: 14,000 to 1:18,000 live births worldwide. According to the data of neonatal screening in the Russian Federation, the prevalence of the disease in some regions ranges from 1: 5000 to 1: 12000, in the country as a whole - 1: 9638 live newborns. The non-classical form of CAH occurs more often - from 1: 500 to 1: 1000 among the general population. In second place is the hypertensive form of CAH - a deficiency of 11β-hydroxylase, which, according to the literature, occurs in about 1 per 100,000 newborns. These clinical guidelines were compiled by a professional community of narrow specialists, approved by the expert council of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, and updated the previous version published in 2016. The clinical guidelines are based on systematic reviews, meta-analyses and original articles, and scientific work on this issue in the Russian Federation and other countries. The purpose of this document is to provide clinicians with the most up-to-date, evidence-based guidelines for the CAH diagnosis and treatmen