Fermentable sugars from agrowastes using cellulase enzymes from local white rot fungi pycnoporus sanguineus

The viability of fermentation process is very much depends on the use of a cheap carbon source from lignocellulosic materials. It needs to hydrolyse into simple and readily metabolize carbohydrate using cellulase enzyme. Pycnoporus sanguineus has been able to produce cellulase enzyme with high enzyme activity that can convert lignocellulosic materials into fermentable sugar. P. sanguineus was culture using α-cellulose as carbon source for enzyme production via submerged fermentation (SMF) at different agitation speeds (100 and 150 rpm). Crude cellulase enzyme extracted from fermentation broth by centrifugation was used in hydrolysis of sawdust and sugarcane bagasse at different substrate concentrations (1-5% w/v). It was found that crude cellulase enzyme contain three main enzymes components i.e. endoglucanase, exoglucanase and xylanase with maximum activity of 1.55, 0.45 and 8.0 U/mL respectively that achieved after four days of cultivation at agitation speed of 150 rpm. The most suitable temperature and substrate concentration for sawdust and sugarcane bagasse hydrolysis by cellulase from P. sanguineus was at 30°C and 5% (w/v) where sugarcane bagasse produced maximum of 59.10 g/L fermentable sugar as compared to from sawdust (58.84 g/L). Fermentable sugar productivity was the highest (2.45 g/L/h) when sawdust was use compared to 0.50 g/L/h for sugarcane bagasse. Fermentable sugar produced from agrowastes using cellulase enzymes of P. sanguineus has highest potential as a feedstock for biofuels and biochemicals production

Performance of oscillatory flow reactor and stir tank reactor in solvent fermentation from palm oil mill effluent

Advance in mixing technology has developed a new way of mixing fluids by introducing an oscillatory motion to replace the conventional mechanical agitation or an air bubble displacement. This new way of mixing breakthrough has been implemented in an Oscillatory Flow Reactor (OFR). This research will be focus on the performance of OFR as a bioreactor by comparing with Stir Tank Reactor (STR), which is the traditional device in fermentation. The experimental work was conducted in an OFR and a STR with a working volume of 1.5 l. Solvent production strain, Clostridium acetobutylicum NCIMB 13357 was grown in OFR and STR, using fresh Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) as growth medium. All of the experiments were conducted anaerobically under batch mode for 72 hours at constant temperature of 35°C. Comparisons of the growth trend and solvent fermentation performance for both devices were investigated. Total solvents (acetone, butanol and ethanol) produced in an OFR was comparable with that of STR. Total solvents production in OFR is 1.8 times higher than that of STR resulted in total 1.6 g/l of solvents. The results of this investigation showed that OFR has an excellent potential as an alternative device in fermentation processes

Effect of aeration and dilution on continuous bioethanol production in a packed-bed bioreactor by saccharomyces cerevisiae

Stability of cell growth was achieved continuously at a steady state in a packed-bed bioreactor. The highest productivity of ethanol was achieved (0.02 g/L/h) when 0.003 vvm was employed. The productivity of bioethanol increases when dilution rate increases. The highest production of 0.037 g/L/h was recorded when the dilution rate (D) was at 0.05 per hour. The production of bioethanol was sucessfully maintained in a non 100% anaerobic condition. The best aeration for the continous production of bioethanol in a condition of steady state growth was at an aeration rate of 0.003 vvm

Effects of Mg2+, Fe3+, Mn2+ and Cu2+ Ions on lipid accumulation by cunninghamella bainieri 2A1

Cunninghamella bainieri 2A1 is an oleaginous fungus whose lipid accumulation profile is significantly influenced by metal ion concentrations in growth medium. Mg2+, Fe3+, Mn2+ and Cu2+ were found to be the important elements affecting lipid accumulation in this fungus. This study employs a statistical method (Response Surface Methodology – RSM) to study the combined effects of Mg2+, Fe3+, Mn2+ and Cu2+ on lipid accumulation of C. baineri 2A1. Cultivation was carried out in 250 mL Erlenmeyer flasks containing 100 mL nitrogen limited medium at 30ºC and 250 rpm agitation for 120 h. A thirty-run central composite design experiment was employed to identify and optimize the significant factors. In addition to Mg2+ and Fe3+ which were shown to have significant effects on lipid accumulation, the interactions between Mg2+ and Cu2+, as well as the effect of Cu2+ in quadratic terms were also found to have significant effect on the process (p<0.05). The highest amount of lipid obtained in this study was 39% g/g biomass with optimal levels of Mg2+, Fe3+ and Cu2+ at 5.00, 0.017 and 0.0005 g/L, respectively, while Mn2+ was omitted. A 32% increment in lipid yield was recorded, where the lipid content increased to 38%, compared to initial yield of 29% g/g biomass prior to optimization. In conclusion, Mg2+ and Fe3+ have significant positive effect on the lipid accumulation of this fungus, whereas Mn2+ and Cu2+ exert negative effects in combination

Different media formulation on biocellulose production by Acetobacter xylinum (0416)

Biocellulose (BC), produced by Acetobacter xylinum (0416), was carried out using three types of medium composition under static surface culture. The media used in this experiment included CWHSM (Coconut water in Hestrin-Schramm medium), CM (Complex medium) and HSM (Hestrin-Schramm medium). CWHSM and CM used coconut water from agro-waste as the main source of sugar. The fermentation was conducted for 12 days and the results of BC dry weight, cell entrapped, pH medium and productivity were evaluated and compared. The results show that CWHSM is the most suitable medium for BC production with a productivity of up to 0.044 g l-1 day-1

Production of docosahexaenoic acid, DHA using different modes of cultivation by Aurantiochytrium sp. SW1

Thraustochytrids, such as members of the genus Aurantiochytrium, are rich in docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6n-3) and represent a promising source of omega-3 fatty acids which plays a vital role in the enhancement of human health, particularly for neurological and visual functions. Different modes of cultivation (batch, fed-batch and repeated-batch) by Aurantiochytrium sp. SW1 were studied for effective docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) production. In this study, three different modes of fermentation were carried out in 1 L shake flasks with a working volume of 500 mL, incubated at 30 ºC and 200 rpm. Batch cultivation significantly exceeds the rest of cultivation modes, achieving maximal lipid and DHA concentrations of 11.22 g/L and 5.87 g/L, respectively, and DHA productivity of 0.061 g/L/h. Lipid and DHA concentration of the repeated-batch process decreased through the cycles for all three different types of replacement ratio (80, 90 and 95%). The average decrease percentage of DHA concentration for cycle one and cycle two were 21.76 and 32.52%, respectively. However, the fatty acid composition of lipids obtained in the cycles remained consistent with 16:0 and DHA being the most abundant fatty acids indicating that this mode of fermentation is highly useable for industrial applications

Kinetics of surfactin production by Bacillus subtilis in a 5 L stirred-tank bioreactor

A kinetic model of bacterial growth and metabolite production can adequately explain the trends and interaction of important parameters in a fermentation process. Production of surfactin by two bacterial strains, namely, Bacillus subtilis MSH1 and Bacillus subtilis ATCC 21322, in a 5 L bioreactor was investigated using Cooper’s media with 4% (v/v) glucose. The present kinetic study was carried out in order to determine the correlation between microbial cell growth, surfactin production and glucose consumption. Batch fermentation was performed by cultivation of each selected strain in a bioreactor at 30°C for 55 h. The experimental results showed production of surfactin in the culture medium after 5 and 10 h of incubation for B. subtilis ATCC 21332 and B. subtilis MSH1, respectively, at which the bacterial cells were at an early stage of the log phase. The maximum concentration of surfactin (Pmax) achieved by B. subtilis MSH1 and B. subtilis ATCC 21332 was 226.17 and 447.26 mg/L, respectively. The kinetic study of bacterial cell growth of both strains indicated that B. subtilis MSH1 had a specific growth rate (μmax) of 0.224 h-1 and attained a maximum biomass concentration (Xmax) as high as 2.90 g/L after 28 h of fermentation, while B. subtilis ATCC 21332, with μmax of 0.087 h-1, attained an Xmax of 2.62 g/L after 45 h of incubation. B. subtilis MSH1 showed higher growth kinetics, thus exhibited higher values of μmax and Xmax compared with B. subtilis ATCC 21332 under identical fermentation conditions. The Pmax achieved by B. subtilis ATCC 21332 was 447.26 mg/L, two times higher than that achieved by B. subtilis MSH1 (226.17 mg/L). The results obtained provide kinetics information including values of Pmax, μmax and Xmax for better understanding of interactions of bacterial cell growth and glucose consumption towards surfactin production by a commercial strain of B. subtilis ATCC 21332 and a local isolate of B. subtilis MSH1

Penghasilan selulosa bakteria yang ekonomik daripada air kelapa tua

Selulosa bakteria (SB) adalah biopolimer unik yang dihasilkan secara semula jadi oleh bakteria dan telah digunakan dalam pelbagai jenis industri. Berbanding selulosa tumbuhan, SB mempunyai struktur yang lebih tulen. Penghasilan SB pada skala yang besar khususnya bagi tujuan perindustrian memerlukan penelitian bagi setiap proses dan kos operasi. Penggunaan air kelapa tua yang merupakan sisa buangan domestik sebagai media fermentasi di dalam penghasilan selulosa bakteria merupakan salah satu alternatif dalam mengatasi masalah pencemaran disebabkan oleh pembuangan larutan ini malah ia mampu mengurangkan kos fermentasi. Keadaan optimum proses fermentasi ditentukan melalui kaedah sambutan permukaan (RSM) dengan memanipulasi suhu, bacaan pH dan tempoh fermentasi. Sebanyak tiga perbandingan dengan kajian terdahulu telah dilakukan melalui simulasi loji pemprosesan SB menggunakan perisian SuperoPro Designer. Keputusan menunjukkan reka bentuk daripada kajian ini memerlukan kos operasi yang paling murah berbanding alternatif lain iaitu sebanyak RM261/ kelompok dan ini menjadikannya reka bentuk loji pemprosesan yang ekonomik dan berpotensi untuk diaplikasi

Bacterial cellulose as a potential hard gelatin capsule

Matured coconut water is considered as an industrial waste where about 5.3m3 of this solution was discarded everyday especially in the coconut processing industry. An improper disposal process can cause environmental pollution especially to nearest river of processing industry. Despite all the advantages of bacterial cellulose (BC) over plant cellulose, its production is relatively expensive process primarily due to the low productivity and expensive culture medium. Thus, coconut water can be used as a medium for fermentation bacterial cellulose and the production cost can be reduced up to 50 to 60%. Acetobacter xylinum 0416 is often used in industry because they can be produced large quantity of BC. There are many applications of BC in industries such as in the food industry, pharmaceutical industry, textiles and etc. However, this study only focuses on the characteristics of hard gelatin capsule (pharmaceutical industry) and BC. This is because, in market there are about 80-90% hard gelatin capsule are non-halal and this situation cause very high demand of halal hard gelatin capsule especially in Islamic countries. This study focus on determination of optimum condition for BC production by manipulation of variable with a certain pH range which is (4-6), the incubator temperature (28-32°C), and time of fermentation (3-7 days). Comparison of BC and hard gelatin capsule properties were made through FESEM, XRD and FTIR analysis. Study found that optimum BC was obtained about 2.28 g/L at 32°C, in pH4 for 7 days fermentation period