Noninvasive Follicular Thyroid Neoplasm with Papillary-like Nuclear Features (NIFTP) : Tumour Entity with a Short History. A Review on Challenges in Our Microscopes, Molecular and Ultrasonographic Profile

Since Noninvasive Follicular Thyroid Neoplasm with Papillary-like Nuclear Features (NIFTP) was introduced as a new thyroid tumour entity, many studies, and meta-analyses on diag-nosing NIFTP have been published. NIFTP-revised histopathological criteria emerged in 2018. NIFTP is defined as a histological entity and its diagnosis requires a careful histological examination. Its molecular profile is similar to follicular-like tumours. Ultrasound features are unable to differentiate NIFTP. NIFTP is not a cytological diagnosis, but it influences the risk of malignancy in several categories of The Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology terminology.publishedVersionPeer reviewe

The expression profiles of CD47 in the tumor microenvironment of salivary gland cancers: a next step in histology-driven immunotherapy

Background: Salivary gland carcinomas (SGC) are extremely rare malignancies with only limited treatment options for the metastatic phase of the disease. Treatment with anti-CD47 antibodies could represent a potent therapy for SGCs by promoting the phagocytic clearance of tumor cells through various mechanisms. However, the efficacy of anti-CD47 therapy is largely dependent on the expression of CD47 within the tumor microenvironment (TME). Materials and Methods: In 43 patients with SGC, we were the first to investigate the CD47 expression in both tumor cells and tumor-infiltrating immune cells (TIIC) in the center and periphery of primary tumors. We also correlated the data with the clinicopathological variables of the patients and offered novel insights into the potential effectiveness of anti-CD47 therapy in SGCs. Results: We observed that the CD47+ tumor cells are outnumbered by CD47+ TIICs in mucoepidermoid carcinoma. In the tumor center, the proportion of CD47+ tumor cells was comparable to the proportion of CD47+ TIICs in most histological subtypes. In low-grade tumors, significantly higher expression of CD47 was observed in TIICs in the periphery of the tumor as compared to the center of the tumor. Conclusion: The reason for a high expression of ‘don’t eat me’ signals in TIICs in the tumor periphery is unclear. However, we hypothesize that in the tumor periphery, upregulation of CD47 in TIICs could be a mechanism to protect newly recruited leukocytes from macrophage-mediated phagocytosis, while also allowing the removal of old or exhausted leukocytes in the tumor center

Comment on Zwierz et al. The Long-Term Effects of 12-Week Intranasal Steroid Therapy on Adenoid Size, Its Mucus Coverage and Otitis Media with Effusion: A Cohort Study in Preschool Children. J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11, 507

I read with great interest the article entitled “The Long-Term Effects of 12-Week Intranasal Steroid Therapy on Adenoid Size, Its Mucus Coverage and Otitis Media with Effusion: A Cohort Study in Preschool Children” by Zwierz et al. [...

Non-Invasive Follicular Thyroid Neoplasm with Papillary-Like Nuclear Features Is Not a Cytological Diagnosis, but It Influences Cytological Diagnosis Outcomes : A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Background: A low-risk thyroid tumour, non-invasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary-like nuclear features (NIFTP) was introduced in 2016. NIFTP criteria require a thorough histological examination to rule out capsular and lymphovascular invasion, which denies the possibility of preoperative cytological diagnosis. Nevertheless, since the adoption of the new entity, the cytology of NIFTP has been a subject of interest. Objectives: The present systematic review and meta-analysis investigate the cytological diagnosis of NIFTP. Method: An online PubMed literature search was conducted between March 1, 2020, and June 30, 2020, for all original articles considering the cytology of histologically proven NIFTP. The studies including data on fine needle aspiration specimens classified by The Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytology (TBSRTC) categories, risk of malignancy (ROMs) in the TBSRTC categories, and cytomorphological features of NIFTP were included in the meta-analysis. Non-English studies and case reports were excluded. The data were tabulated and statistical analysis was performed with Open Meta-Analyst program. Results: Fifty-eight studies with a total of 2,553 NIFTP cases were included in the study. The pooled prevalence of NIFTP cases was calculated among 25,892 surgically resected cases from 20 studies and the results show that NIFTP consisted 4.4% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.5-5.4%) of all cases. Most of the NIFTP cases (79.0%) belonged to the intermediate categories of TBSRTC. The pooled distribution of NIFTP cases in each TBSRTC category was 1.3% (95% CI: 0.8-1.7%) in non-diagnostic (ND), 8.9% (95% CI: 6.9-10.8%) in benign, 29.2% (95% CI: 25.0-33.4%) in atypia of undetermined significance or follicular lesion of undetermined significance (AUS/FLUS), 24.2% (95% CI: 19.6-28.9%) in follicular neoplasm (FN), 19.5% (95% CI: 16.1-22.9%) in suspicious for malignancy (SM), and 6.9% (95% CI: 5.2-8.7%) in malignant. Compared to pre-NIFTP era, the pooled risk differences of ROM were reduced by 2.4% in ND, 2.7% in benign, 8.2% in AUS/FLUS, 8.2% in FN, 7.3% in SM, and 1.1% in the malignant category. The cytomorphological features of NIFTP were similar to follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma (FVPTC) but lesser to papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). Conclusions: Based on our results, NIFTP remains a histological diagnosis. Although cytomorphological features cannot be used in differentiating NIFTP from FVPTC, they may guide in separating NIFTP from PTC. Features such as papillae, microfollicles, giant cells, psammoma bodies, and the amount of papillary-like nuclear features should be taken into account when suspicious of NIFTP. NIFTP should not have papillae or psammoma bodies, and giant cells were rarely observed.publishedVersionPeer reviewe

The contributory role of cell blocks in salivary gland neoplasms fine needle aspirations classified by the milan system for reporting salivary gland cytology

(1) Background: The Milan System for Reporting Salivary Gland Cytopathology (MSRSGC) was introduced in 2018, bringing an organ-specific classification system for salivary gland cytopathology. The aim of present study is to evaluate the MSRSGC prospectively, based on a two-year experience in the tertiary care center pathology department, and evaluate the role of routine cell block (CB) preparation in salivary gland cytopathological diagnostics. (2) Methods: In our institution, the Department of Pathology, Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland, the MSRSGC has been implemented in salivary gland cytopathology since January 2018 and, over a two-year period (January 2018–December 2019), there were 365 fine-needle aspirations, of which 164 had a surgical follow-up. The CB methods used were Plasma-thrombin, the collection of visible fragments, and the Shandon and in-house methods. (3) Results: The MSRSGC diagnostic figures were as follows: accuracy 87.5%, sensitivity 45.8% and specificity 98.9%. For diagnostic categories of MSRSGC (non-neoplastic, benign neoplasm and malignant neoplasm) (n = 63) diagnostic accuracy was 98.4%, and for undetermined categories (atypia of undetermined significance, salivary gland neoplasm of uncertain malignant potential and suspicious for malignancy) (n = 49) diagnostic accuracy was 73.5%. Non-contributory cell blocks resulted more often in a false negative diagnosis (25%, 3/12) than a true negative diagnosis (10%, 7/73, p < 0.001), and is, most likely, an insufficient cytological diagnosis (86%, 18/21, p < 0.001). (4) Conclusion: The application of MSRSGC and CBs are beneficial in salivary gland cytological diagnosis, increasing diagnostic accuracy and, thus, patients’ management and treatment.publishedVersionPeer reviewe

Follicular Epithelial Dysplasia as Hashimoto Thyroiditis-Related Atypia : a Series of 91 Specimens

Follicular epithelial dysplasia (FED) is described as Hashimoto thyroiditis-related atypia and is thought to be a possible precancerous lesion. Dysplasia as an interface between normal state and carcinoma is described in a wide range of diseases and carcinogenesis chains. On the other hand, inflammation-related atypia and cancerogenesis is also widely studied. In this study, we retrospectively analyzed 91 specimens of thyroid gland surgical resections with FED during a 10-year-period at the university hospital pathology department. The study population consisted of 68 females and 15 males aged between 22 and 86 years. The preoperative cytology diagnoses had mainly been in the indeterminate categories with prevailing AUS/FLUS results in the FED-only group (p = 0.005) and suspicious for malignancy and malignant in the group with FED plus adjacent malignancy. The decision for surgery was malignancy related in 48.2% of the cases. The lesions were sized 0.1–3.5 mm and multifocal in 45.1% of the cases. Immunohistochemically, the atypical cells were cyclin D1-positive in 67.5%, galectin-3 in 72.7%, CK19 in 85.7%, and HBME-1 in 87.0% of cases. In conclusion, FED is suggested to be a pathogenetic link between inflammation-related atypia and papillary carcinoma and thus a premalignant precursor of papillary carcinoma in HT as 36.1% of the specimens contained also papillary carcinoma in the present study. Both histopathological nuclear features and the immunoprofile of FED are widely shared with that of papillary carcinoma.publishedVersionPeer reviewe

Multifunctional Roles of miR-34a in Cancer: A Review with the Emphasis on Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Thyroid Cancer with Clinical Implications

MiR-34a belongs to the class of small non-coding regulatory RNAs and functions as a tumor suppressor. Under physiological conditions, miR-34a has an inhibitory effect on all processes related to cell proliferation by targeting many proto-oncogenes and silencing them on the post-transcriptional level. However, deregulation of miR-34a was shown to play important roles in tumorigenesis and processes associated with cancer progression, such as tumor-associated epithelial-mesenchymal transition, invasion, and metastasis. Moreover, further understanding of miR-34a molecular mechanisms in cancer are indispensable for the development of effective diagnosis and treatments. In this review, we summarized the current knowledge on miR-34a functions in human disease with an emphasis on its regulation and dysregulation, its role in human cancer, specifically head and neck squamous carcinoma and thyroid cancer, and emerging role as a disease diagnostic and prognostic biomarker and the novel therapeutic target in oncology

Syntéza řeči z textu jako alternativní způsob komunikace po totální laryngektomii

Totální laryngektomie stále hraje zásadní roli v léčbě rakoviny hrtanu a ztráta hlasu je nejobávanějším důsledkem operace. Mezi běžně používané rehabilitační metody patří jícnový hlas, elektrolarynx a implantace hlasové protézy. V tomto článku se zaměřujeme na nový pohled na hlasovou rehabilitaci s využitím metod alternativní a augmentativní komunikace (AAC).Total laryngectomy still plays an essential part in the treatment of laryngeal cancer and loss of voice is the most feared consequence of the surgery. Commonly used rehabilitation methods include esophageal voice, electrolarynx, and implantation of voice prosthesis. In this paper we focus on a new perspective of vocal rehabilitation utilizing alternative and augmentative communication (AAC) methods

IgG4‐positive plasma cells in Hashimoto thyroiditis: IgG4‐related disease or inflammation‐related IgG4‐positivity?

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IgG4-positive plasma cells in Hashimoto thyroiditis : IgG4-related disease or inflammation-related IgG4-positivity?

publishedVersionPeer reviewe