THE EFFECT OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MONETARY CHANGES ON THE NAMIBIAN ECONOMY: CASE STUDY ON BEEF INDUSTRY

The aim of this study is to measure the long and short term dynamics of trade with South Africa, impact of Common Monetary Area (CMA) on the Namibian beef price. More specifically, it examines the relationship between monetary change by South African Central Bank Governor (i.e. taking exchange rate and interest rate as explanatory variables) and the beef industry a case study to the Namibian economy. The Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) was applied by using beef price a dependent variable, with a mentioned set of explanatory variables. As the study hypothesized the study has found a significant linkage between monetary shock occurred in South Africa simultaneously affect the beef industry (or the Namibian agriculture sector in general), and also bears the burden of adjustment in the economy, that could increases farmers financial vulnerability. The dynamic relationships of trading between Namibia and South Africa, more specifically the volatile nature of rand and interest rate have influenced consumers to absorb short-run price change. This change could be substantially affecting the poor households. The result has found that Namibian consumers have to absorb the short run price overshooting, which in turn impacts on the ability to manage their cash flow. For example, the result finding shows one percent change in South Africa money supply or appreciation (depreciation) of rand leads to double change in beef price in Namibia. Due to the linkages between monetary policy variables and relative agricultural prices, it is recommended that agricultural policy makers and monetary authorities in CMA need to work closely in designing and implementing monetary policy. This is important because monetary policies meant to stabilize the economy may have less desirable impacts on farmers and consumers, especially in the short run.leader, professional environment, evolution process, evolution climate, approaching pattern.

Contribution to the valorisation of carbonates manganese Ores in ferromanganese industry

Abstract: The energy consumption in the ferroalloys industry has become an enormous challenge as the cost is increasing while the quality of the raw materials is not changing to compensate the lowering of the quality. It has become important to look at the use of valorising low quality raw materials and its implication on the energy consumption as well as the quality of the metal. The current study investigate and contributes to the valorisation of the low quality manganese raw materials namely carbonates manganese ores

To pay or not to pay? Citizens' views on taxation in local authorities in Tanzania

Widespread tax evasion reflected in persistent public resistance to pay is seen as part of the problem of raising local government revenues in Tanzania. Dealing with the policy problem of revenue enhancement and tax evasion requires some understanding of the factors underlying the individual's decision whether to pay or evade taxes. However, the views of taxpayers are to a large extent ignored in this policy debate. What are the experiences, priorities, and recommendations of Tanzanian citizens with respect to payment of taxes and fees? What do people feel they get in return for taxes paid? And what do they consider to be the major challenges to improving the present system? Based on data from a recently conducted citizen survey, this paper presents the perceptions of ordinary people on local government taxation.Taxation Tax evasion Tax collection Local government Tanzania

COVID-19 and Clinical Rotations in the Democratic Republic of Congo

Two of the authors are final year medical students currently rotating at the Monkolé Mother and Infant Hospital Center, Democratic Republic of Congo. They recount their experience as interns before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. They detail the national and hospital response to COVID-19 and their effects on the general population and healthcare personnel. They go on to describe how they are coping while they are at home

Building a Korean-Portuguese business partnership for sub-saharan Africa : opportunities and challenges in mozambique

Africa continues to show high economic growth and market potential in terms of access to natural resources and new consumers, Korea needs to start thinking about strengthening its engagement with Africa. Unlike Korea, Portugal has been a strong trade partner of Africa, particularly through its investments in two of the fastest growing economies in the continent, Angola and Mozambique. Historical, political, economic, educational, and cultural ties as well as language have played a crucial role in nurturing trade relations. The current economic and financial crisis in the European Union is pushing Portuguese companies to strengthen their presence in booming Portuguese- speaking African countries. Due to Korea’s weak links with the continent, this paper will attempt to critically analyse the opportunities and challenges for Korean businesses in building partnerships with Portuguese companies to enhance their entry into fast-growing African markets. The paper will focus on Mozambique as a case study

Ectopia cordis thoracique sporadique: description clinique d’un cas

Nous décrivons un cas d'ectopia cordis, une malformation cardiaque congénitale extrêmement rare dans laquelle le coeur est partiellement ou complètement situé en dehors des limites de la cage thoracique. Dans le cas que nous décrivons, elle est thoracique et isolée. Ce cas a été diagnostiqué en salle de naissance au Katanga, au sud de la République Démocratique du Congo. Il s'agit du premier cas documenté chez un nouveau-né Congolais. Pan African Medical Journal 2012; 13:6

Vasopressin-2 receptor antagonists in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease: from man to mouse and back

nephropathy, with an esti-mated prevalence of 1:1000. The disease is characterized by the development of multiple cysts from all nephron segments leading to the enlargement of both kidneys and replacement of normal parenchyma (see [1]). Change in total kidney volume over time is the strongest predictor of renal function decline in ADPKD [2]. Glomerular filtra-tion rate remains preserved up to the age of 40 years in most patients because glomerular hyperfiltration in functioning nephrons compensates for the ongoing loss of renal tissue, until end-stage renal failure ensues in>50 % of patients, usually in their fifth decade. Mutations in the PKD1 gene account for ~85 % of the affected families, whereas the remaining cases are caused by mutations in PKD2. PKD1 encodes polycystin-1, an integral membrane protein with a large extracellular domain that probably functions as a re-ceptor and/or an adhesion molecule, whereas PKD2 enco-des polycystin-2, a non-selective cation channel belonging to the family of transient receptor potential channels. The polycystins are located in the primary cilium and interact to form a mechanosensory complex that is involved in intra-cellular Ca21 homeostasis and various signalling pathways. Disruption of the complex leads to cyst development and enlargement resulting from tubular cell proliferation and transepithelial fluid secretion. The progressive understand-ing of these pathways has led to spectacular advances in the prospective treatment for ADPKD, including the blockade of vasopressin 2 receptor (V2R) to decrease the intracellu-lar level of 3#-5#-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) in cyst-lining tubular cells [1]

A Quantitative Study on Indigenous Medicinal Plants used by Tribes of Kerala

A quantitative study of indigenous medicinal plants with detailed documentationamong tribal people was carried out in Idukki Wildlife Sanctuary, Idukki District, Kerala State. Nine tribal settlements were selected for the study based on the area and availability of information. Accordingly 120 informants were selected purposively. Direct observation, semi structured interview and group discussion were used to collect the data from the informants. The collected data was analysed using Micro-soft Excel spreadsheet 2010 and summarized using descriptive statistical methods. Five different quantitative statistical tools such as Relative Frequency of Citation (RFC), Use value (UV), Relative Importance Index (RI), Relative Importance Index (RI), Fidelity Level (FL) and Informants’ Consensus Factor (ICF) were analysed with score. Acacia caesia (L.) Wild had the highest RFC with rank I,; Adhatoda beddomei C.B. Clarke gave the highest use value with the maximum number of medicinal purposes (four).  A majority of species were found to be most used among the community. The highest level of ICF was obtained for urological ailments (UA) followed by gynaecological ailments (GAA) and Dermatological ailments (DA) in that order