Transcriptional Profiling of Protein Expression Related Genes of Pichia pastoris under Simulated Microgravity

The physiological responses and transcription profiling of Pichia pastoris GS115 to simulated microgravity (SMG) were substantially changed compared with normal gravity (NG) control. We previously reported that the recombinant P. pastoris grew faster under SMG than NG during methanol induction phase and the efficiencies of recombinant enzyme production and secretion were enhanced under SMG, which was considered as the consequence of changed transcriptional levels of some key genes. In this work, transcriptiome profiling of P. pastoris cultured under SMG and NG conditions at exponential and stationary phases were determined using next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies. Four categories of 141 genes function as methanol utilization, protein chaperone, RNA polymerase and protein transportation or secretion classified according to Gene Ontology (GO) were chosen to be analyzed on the basis of NGS results. And 80 significantly changed genes were weighted and estimated by Cluster 3.0. It was found that most genes of methanol metabolism (85% of 20 genes) and protein transportation or secretion (82.2% of 45 genes) were significantly up-regulated under SMG. Furthermore the quantity and fold change of up-regulated genes in exponential phase of each category were higher than those of stationary phase. The results indicate that the up-regulated genes of methanol metabolism and protein transportation or secretion mainly contribute to enhanced production and secretion of the recombinant protein under SMG

An Epidemiological Survey to Investigate the Prevalence of Cystic Echinococcosis in Slaughtered Bovine Hosts in Punjab, Pakistan

Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a neglected zoonotic disease of worldwide geographical distribution. CE is most common in underdeveloped and herding communities where people survive on animal husbandry and agricultural activities. The prevalence of CE in livestock and its risk factors are widely underreported, because of inefficient surveillance systems. The aim of this study was to evaluate the epidemiological characteristics and prevalence of CE in cattle in Punjab, Pakistan. Data were collected from slaughterhouses from September 2021 to February 2022. Ante- and postmortem examination and cyst characterization were performed. Epidemiological, demographic, and one health data were collected. A total of 8877 animals (8096 buffalo, 781 cattle) were examined, and the prevalence of CE was 6.22% (n = 552) in all animals, with a higher prevalence in cattle (15.20% vs. buffalo 5.83%). Prevalence was not significantly different in males and females. Of the 23 districts studied, the highest prevalence was in the Haripur district of KP (20.85%). The majority of animals studied were older than 3 years. Most cysts were found in animals older than 5 years. Lungs and liver were the predominant sites for the presence of cysts (65.58% and 31.34%, respectively. Of the collected cysts, 29.71% were fertile. The findings may be useful in estimating the eco-epidemiology of CE and improving surveillance and prevention programs in Pakistan

DIEER: Delay-Intolerant Energy-Efficient Routing with Sink Mobility in Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks

Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs) are an enabling technology for many applications in commercial, military, and scientific domains. In some emergency response applications of UWSN, data dissemination is more important, therefore these applications are handled differently as compared to energy-focused approaches, which is only possible when propagation delay is minimized and packet delivery at surface sinks is assured. Packet delivery underwater is a serious concern because of harsh underwater environments and the dense deployment of nodes, which causes collisions and packet loss. Resultantly, re-transmission causes energy loss and increases end-to-end delay ( D E 2 E ). In this work, we devise a framework for the joint optimization of sink mobility, hold and forward mechanisms, adoptive depth threshold ( d t h ) and data aggregation with pattern matching for reducing nodal propagation delay, maximizing throughput, improving network lifetime, and minimizing energy consumption. To evaluate our technique, we simulate the three-dimensional (3-D) underwater network environment with mobile sink and dense deployments of sensor nodes with varying communication radii. We carry out scalability analysis of the proposed framework in terms of network lifetime, throughput, and packet drop. We also compare our framework to existing techniques, i.e., Mobicast and iAMCTD protocols. We note that adapting varying d t h based on node density in a range of network deployment scenarios results in a reduced number of re-transmissions, good energy conservation, and enhanced throughput. Furthermore, results from extensive simulations show that our proposed framework achieves better performance over existing approaches for real-time delay-intolerant applications

N-linked glycosylation influences on the catalytic and biochemical properties of Penicillium purpurogenum beta-D-glucuronidase

To study the influence of N-linked carbohydrate moiety on the catalytic and biochemical properties of glycosylated enzyme, a recombinant beta-D-glucuronidase (PGUS-P) from Penicillium purpurogenum as a model glycoprotein, was deglycosylated with peptide-N-glycosidase F (PNGase-F) under native conditions. The enzymatic deglycosylation procedure resulted in the complete removal of carbohydrate moiety. Compared with the glycosylated PGUS-P, the deglycosylated PGUS-P exhibited 20-70% higher activity (p < 0.05) within pH 6-9, but 15-45% lower activity (p < 0.05) at 45-70 degrees C. The apparent decrease in the thermal stability of the deglycosylated enzyme was reflected by a decrease in the denaturation temperature (T-d) values determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The removal of N-linked glycans also reduced enzyme's sensitivity to certain metal ions. The deglycosylated PGUS-P displayed lower K-m vaules, but higher k(cat)/K-m ratios than the glycosylated isoform towards glycyrrhizin. The consequent conformational changes were also determined by circular dichroism (CD) and fluorescence spectroscopy which revealed no significant difference in the secondary but a slight dissimilarity between the tertiary structures of both isoforms of PGUS-P. (C) 2011 Elsevier B. V. All rights reserved

ISOLATION AND STRUCTURAL CHARACTERIZATION OF NOVEL TERPENOIDS FROM DIFFERENT PLANT SPECIES: A REVIEW.

Terpenoids are the most essential compounds biosynthesized by plants as secondary metabolites. It is a diverse and vast class of naturally occurring organic compounds and are the derivatives of terpenes having simple and multi-cyclic rings in their structure. These are though found in small/trace amounts in plants, but they play an indispensable role in the survival of plants in the environment. These are used by the plants as a shield against internal and external stresses and for many of the basic functions in the development and growth and by humans as anti-bacterial agents, as anti-carcinogenic agents, as flavors, fragrances and drugs. This review paper will explain the extraction and isolation of terpenoids from different parts of plants i.e. leaves, stem, roots and other vegetal parts of plants. Further the review will focus on the structural characterization of terpenoids extracted from plants by different researchers and the methods they used for the separation and structural characterization of these compounds and their structures drawn with the help of NMR data. The extracted and characterized compounds were terpenoids, triterpenoids, nortriterpenoids, monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes and macro cyclic monoterpenes. These compounds were checked for their medicinal activity, cytotoxicity and their bioassay were also considered, where these compounds showed that they can be used as medicinal compounds as well as the bioassay confirmed their role as protective agents of the plants. Overall, eleven research articles have been considered in this review and the focus is on the novel terpenoids that have been extracted, isolated and characterized by different means. Apart from novel terpenoids the other known compounds have been studied and their activity has also been reported. Keywords: Terpenoids, Characterization, Extraction, NMR, Plant

Occurrence of Massively Enlarged Multiple Hydatid Cysts in the Lung and Liver of a Pediatric Patient in Pakistan

N

Phylogenetic tree of target protein with GHF2 β-glucuronidase (GUS), β-galactosidase (GAL), β-mannosidase (MAN).

<p>The scale corresponds to a genetic distance of 0.2 substitution per position (20% difference). <i>Aspergillus niger</i> CBS 513.88 GUS: XP_001388566; <i>Penicillium purpurogenum</i> GUS: ABU68712; <i>Aspergillus oryzae</i> RIB40 GUS: XP_001825002; <i>Penicillium canescens</i> GUS: AAV91787; <i>Escherichia coli</i> K-12 GUS: AAC74689; <i>Mus musculus</i> GUS: AAA37696; <i>Chlorocebus aethiops</i> GUS: AAC34593; <i>Canis lupus</i> GUS: AAC48809; <i>Thermotoga maritima</i> MSB8 GUS: AAD36143; <i>Kluyveromyces lactis</i> GAL: AAA35265; <i>Bacillus megaterium</i> DSM 319 GAL: CAA04267; <i>Lactobacillus sakei</i> GAL: CAA57730; <i>Pseudoalteromonas haloplanktis</i> GAL: CAA10470; <i>Escherichia coli</i> GAL: AAA24053; <i>Cellulomonas fimi</i> ATCC 484 MAN: AAD42775; <i>Aspergillus aculeatus</i> MAN: BAA29029; <i>Mus musculus</i> MAN: AAK18177; <i>Bos Taurus</i> MAN: AAC48460; <i>Homo sapiens</i> MAN: AAC39573.</p

The Metabolic Role of Ketogenic Diets in Treating Epilepsy

Epilepsy is a long-term neurological condition that results in recurrent seizures. Approximately 30% of patients with epilepsy have drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE). The ketogenic diet (KD) is considered an effective alternative treatment for epileptic patients. The aim of this study was to identify the metabolic role of the KD in epilepsy. Ketone bodies induce chemical messengers and alterations in neuronal metabolic activities to regulate neuroprotective mechanisms towards oxidative damage to decrease seizure rate. Here, we discuss the role of KD on epilepsy and related metabolic disorders, focusing on its mechanism of action, favorable effects, and limitations. We describe the significant role of the KD in managing epilepsy disorders

Domains analysis of <i>At</i>GUS, <i>P</i>GUS and <i>Au</i>GUS.

a<p>the E value was obtained by alignment with pfam02837, glycosyl hydrolase family 2, sugar binding domain;</p>b<p>the E value was obtained by alignment with pfam00703, glycosyl hydrolase family 2, immunoglobulin-like beta-sandwich domain;</p>c<p>the E value was obtained by alignment with pfam02836, glycosyl hydrolase family 2, TIM barrel domain.</p