STUDIES ON THE LARVICIDAL EFFICACY OF LEAF EXTRACT OF VITEX NEGUNDO AGAINST CULEX QUINQUEFASCIATUS

Objective: Mosquitoes are one of the most significant vectors among arthropods. Infection due to mosquito plays a major health problem in developing countries. Repeated use of synthetic insecticides for mosquito control has disrupted natural biological control systems and led to resurgences in mosquito populations. Plants may be an alternative source of mosquito control, potential as insecticide. Controlling of mosquitoes at the larval stage is easy, as target specificity of the larvicide used can be ensured. Methods: The present study has assessed the role of larvicidal activity of aqueous, chloroform, and methanol leaf extracts of Vitex negundo plant against first, second, third, and fourth instar larvae of Culex quinquefasciatus. Mortality rates were recorded after 24 h and 48 h to evaluate the larvicidal activity against C. quinquefasciatus. Results: Among the three extracts, the methanol extract was found to be the most effective providing 86.67% mortality at 200 ppm concentration against the larvae of C. quinquefasciatus, when compared with aqueous and chloroform extracts, where the mortality rate is 83.33% and 70.00%, respectively. Conclusions: The results therefore clearly indicate that V. negundo leaf extracts possess larvicidal activity against the larvae and could be a possible source of mosquito larvicides

The Heroine's Character in Akananuru

Sangam literature is a mirror of time that captures the civilization, culture and customs of the Tamil people. The poets of the Sangam period have divided the songs into two categories namely as akapapadals and purapapadals. These songs reflect the experiences of ancient Tamil life. In Akananuru the songs are written on the basis of verse and number. The five- landforms system has many different aspects of human life. According to the nature of each land, the way of life and thought of man are different. This article describes that the primary role of environment in human life changes

Cult Beliefs in Ancient Literature

Worship began when human beings started to believe that there was a power that is higher than themselves and began to bow before that power. Humans began to think what is the reason for the sufferings that happen to mankind during the time when he lived in forests, mountains, with animals and nature? The calamities caused by nature and the suffering and loss due to animals are immense. To protect themselves from these sufferings and losses, they worshiped the nature and other things as their deities. They believed that those natural calamities had more fighting power than them. When the people who lived as ethnic groups eventually became families, the way they worshiped the deity changed and they were transformed into rituals. It is impossible to say exactly when these rituals appeared. Over time people used to pray to the deity to make their lives successful and to be successful in their endeavours. For that, they offered some kind of sacrifices to the goddess. Beliefs and worships of gods that were prevalent among the ancient Tamils are explained on the basis of Sangam literature

Trimethyl­ammonium 2,6-dioxo-5-(2,4,6-trinitro­phen­yl)-1,2,3,6-tetra­hydro­pyrimidin-4-olate

In the title barbiturate salt (trivial name: trimethyl­ammonium 2,4,6-trinitro­phenyl­barbiturate), C3H10N+·C10H4N5O9 −, the asymmetric unit contains two sets of anion–cation moieties. The dihedral angle between the rings in the anions are 44.0 (3) and 45.7 (3)°. Adjacent anions are connected into ribbons along [100] through R 2 2(8) ring motifs formed by N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds involving the barbiturate rings. Attached to both sides of these ribbons via N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds are the trimethyl­ammonium cations. C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds are also observed

Does the Digital Environment Improve Modern Users\u27 Internet Awareness?

This paper traces users\u27 Internet literacy level by measuring their Library visit and attitude towards the library as a means of access to electronic resources. Modern users\u27 dependence on the Internet increases day by day. The value of any product that exists in the market can be measured in terms of use. The present study revolves around users\u27 frequency of library visits and their Internet awareness levels. The research questions are; do modern users\u27 library visits differ? ; do the users\u27 Internet awareness levels differ? ; do the users\u27 library visits influence them to upgrade their awareness of the Internet

Detection of mecA Gene and Identification of Potential Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Aureus in Hospital Wastewater Samples

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is one of the most important causes of hospital infections worldwide. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) tends to be resistant to multiple antibiotics. High-level resistance to antibiotics is caused by the mecA gene, which encodes an alternative penicillin-binding protein, PBP 2a. The present study was aimed to detect mecA in potential Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates in clinical wastewater. Three hospital wastewater samples were collected and the bacteria were isolated in manitol salt agar (MSA) medium. PCR was performed and sequencing was done to screen the clinical bacterial isolates. Antibiotic resistance was also tested at the levels of 50, 100, 200 and 300 μg/mL ampicillin. The sequences were analyzed using BLAST (NCBI) and EMBOSS Needle tool (EMBL-EBI). DNA extracted from these bacterial isolates amplified further with mecA gene specific primers. Randomly selected two bacterial isolates of Polgahawela hospital effluent were able to grow at 200 μg/mL ampicillin. Sequence analysis of amplified mecA gene product of these two bacterial isolates showed sequence similarity with the penicillin-binding protein (mecA) gene of Staphylococcus aureus strain and methicillin-resistance gene region of Staphylococcus sciuri 28C with 95% and 96% identity respectively. Pairwise alignment results proved 89.6% sequence similarity between the two sequences. In conclusion, potential methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) along with Staphylococcus sciuri was able to detect only in the clinical effluent collected from Polgahawela base hospital

A clinical study on management of retinal vascular occlusive disorders

Retinal vein occlusion is a retinal vascular disorder due to blockage of retinal vein either, the central retinal vein or any of the branch retinal veins, characterised by engorgement and dilatation of the retinal veins with secondary, mostly intraretinal haemorrhages and intra retinal edema, retinal ischemia including cotton wool spots, retinal exudates and macular edema and is usually associated with a variable degree of visual loss. Retinal vein occlusion is a common cause of vision loss. It is the second most common cause of reduced vision due to retinal vascular disease, after diabetic retinopathy. HISTORY The dramatic picture of retinal vein occlusion was initially described as „retinal apoplexy‟ by Liebreich in 1854. Leber in 1877 reported the first case of BRVO and called it „hemorrhagic retinitis‟. It was first established as a clinical entity due to thrombosis by Julius von Michel in 1878. Koyanagi in 1928 first reported the association between BRVO and AV crossings. CONCLUSIONS Retinal venous occlusions are common in the 6th and 7th decades It is seen more commonly in males. The most common predisposing factor for retinal vein occlusion was hyertension. Branch retinal vein occlusions were commoner than central retinal vein occlusions and had better visual outcomes. All the patients had either same visual acuity or had improvement in visual acuity by 2 or more lines. None of them had worsening of visual acuity by more than 1 line. In our study, 9 patients with macular edema were treated with anti-VEGF and 3 were treated with grid laser. In both these groups, the mean central macular thickness was reduced after treatment. Finally we conclude that In CRVO, final vision is limited despite available treatment. However, regular monitoring is required to detect and treat complications. In BRVO, there is chance for visual improvement in patient with initial good vision

A study to assess the effectiveness of soya bean on menopausal symptoms among menopausal women in the Institute of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Chennai

BACKGROUND: To assess the effectiveness of soya bean on menopausal symptoms among menopausal women. Menopause is a natural process that occurs in women’s lives as part of normal aging. Many women go through the menopausal transition with few or no symptoms, wholesome have significant or even disabling symptoms. 60 Menopausal women were selected in gynecology outpatient department. METHOD: Quasi experimental research design was utilized and data collected by convenience sampling method by using the structured interview method. The collected data were analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistics. RESULTS: In pre-assessment the menopausal symptoms mean score in Experiment group was 17.57 and in control group was 17.80 score. So the difference was 0.23. The calculated, ‘t’ value was 1.29 at P = 0.21 respectively. This difference was small and it is not statistically significant. In pre-assessment the menopausal symptoms for the women in experiment group was Mild-23.3%, Moderate-70%, Severe-6.7%. In control group, Mild-20.0%, Moderate-73.3% and in Severe-6.7%. This difference was small and it is not statistically significant difference. In post-assessment the menopausal symptoms score in Experiment group was 12.07 and in control group was 18.73 score. The calculated ‘t’ value was 8.77 at P = 0.001*** .So the difference was 6.66. This difference is large and it is statistically significant. In post-assessment the menopausal symptoms for the women in experiment group was Mild-70.0%, Moderate-30%, Severe-None. In control group, Mild-16.6%, Moderate-76.7%, Severe-6.7%. This difference was small and it is not statistically significant difference. In experiment group the reduction score in effectiveness of soya bean consumption was 18.3% and in Control group it was increased as 3.1% problems more. Statistically there is a difference between experimental and control group. CONCLUSION: Soya bean is very effective in reducing the menopausal symptoms among the menopausal women. The difference was associated in Experimental group and control group

Rainfall And Its Impact On Maize Yield

The present study is to analyze the impact of rainfall on maize yield in Cuddalore district based on ten years data (2005-2006 to 2014- 2015). The study conducted with the objective of relationship between area, production, actual rainfall, and maize yield in the study area. The results of the study reveal that actual rainfall adversely affects maize productivity, while the effect of actual rainfall is maximum negative and no significant for maize crops

Effectiveness of Dry Papaya Seeds Powder on Worm Infestation among Children in Puthur Village at Kancheepuram District

This chapter presents the summary, implication and recommendations which create a base for the future researchers and for evidence based nursing practice. The study forced on the effectiveness of papaya seeds powder on worm infestation among school going children (6-12 years) in selected villages at Cheyyur (T.k) Kancheepuram District. The objectives of the study were to assess the general condition of school going children with worm infestation and to compare the degree of worm infestation before and an after administration of dry papaya seeds powder and to correlation the demographic variables and standard of living of school going children before and after administration of dry papaya seeds powder. Reviewe of literature had been the backbone of this study Kristen M. Swanson (1991) theory of caring provided a conceptual base for the study experimental one group pre and post test design was used to achieve the objectives of the study. The present study was conducted in selected village in Cheyyur. With the sample size was 30, selected through probability stratified random sampling technique between the periods of one month. The researcher used demographic variable, structured questionnaire on standard of being, observational self structured rating scale level of worm infestation for the data collection the data collection tools had been validated reliability was checked during the pilot study. The data collection of main study was done. After the pre-test, the papaya seeds powder was administered to the school going children with worm infestation. The post test was conducted one week after the pretest. The collected data had been tabulated and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Frequency & percentage had been computed to summarize to summarize the sample characteristics & standard deviation was used to compare the pretest and post-test level of worm infestation. Association co-efficient was done to find out the association between the demographic variables and level of worm infestation and relationship between the standard of living, a level of worm infestation t- test value was calculated to find out the difference between the pre and post level of worm infestation score of school going children. MAJOR FINDINGS: In pretest, level of worm infestation among children showed that 10(33.3%) of children had moderate signs and symptoms, 20(66.7%) of children had severe signs and symptoms and none of children had mild signs and symptoms. on post test evaluation, 24(80%) children had mild signs and symptoms. 6(20%) showed had moderate signs and symptoms. There was statistically (P<0.05) significant improvement in the status of worm infestation found a in relationship in the effectiveness of dry papaya seeds powder in treating worm infestation. CONCLUSION: The findings of the study indicate that the worm infestation is a major health problem faced by school going children which need a non -pharmacological healing approach, Administration of papaya seeds powder is simple and easy to implement, easily available no notable side effects and most by accepted to reduce the degree of worm infestation among school children. The result supported that the incorporation of papaya seeds powder administration among school going children is the best intervention to treat worm infestation. NURSING IMPLICATIONS: The findings of the study has implications in different branches of nursing profession i.e., nursing practice, nursing education, nursing administrator & nursing research by assessing the effectiveness of papaya seeds powder, we get a clear picture regarding different steps to be taken in all these fields to improve the standard of nursing profession. NURSING PRACTICE: Community health nurses have favorable offer to educate the mother of school going children regarding worm infestation. The study findings also showed that through the participant had been vaware about the worm infestation but majority of them had not taken any treatment of worm infestation, This shows that the health care providers plays a vital role in educating mothers about the worm infestation. With emerging health care trends, nurses must also know about the naturaceutical supplements and its benefits, health promoting properties and its availability. This helps the community health nurse to use papaya seeds powder and recommended in preventing the worm infestation and many other complications nurses need evidence based practice in managing the children with worm infestation. NURSING EDUCATION: Nurse educators, when planning and instructing nursing student should provide opportunities for students to gain the knowledge in teaching, students regarding the naturaceutical supplement. The study outlines the significance of short term courses and inservices education to equip nurses with the current knowledge on worm infestation. Nurse educator should check out suitable programmer to educate the public on the importance of indigenous system of medicine. The nurse educators can make a practical situation for the student nurses on treatment modalities and sign and symptoms. Nurse educator can also plan a child programme to conduct a global worm infestation programme and also to improve teacher level of knowledge on sings and symptoms, prevention and & treatment modalities. NURSING ADMINISTRATION: With advanced technology advanced and ever growing challenges of health care needs, the college & hospital administrators have a responsibility to provide nurse, nurse educators with continuing education opportunities on naturaceutical supplements and its benefits, health promoting properties and its availability. The this will enable the nurse to update their knowledge and to acquire special skills in preparing and use of indigenous system of medicine in nursing. Nurse as administrators should formulate approximate networking so as to facilitate implementation of indigenous system of medicine especially herbal medicine. The nurse administrator can conduct global programme through which the mortality & morbidity rate can be decreased and it helps to improve the public knowledge on worm infestation. NURSING RESEARCH: There is a need for intensive and extensive research in this area. It opens a big avenue for research on innovative methods of creating awareness development of teaching methods of creating awareness, developments of teaching material and setting up multimedia centre for teaching & for creating awareness, among the public regarding naturaceutical supplements it benefits health promoting properties and its availability encourage further research studies on the effectiveness of papaya seeds powder in treating the worm infestation. Disseminate the findings through conferences, seminars, publications in professional, national, international journals and world wide web. RECOMMENDATIONS: • The same study can be conducted on a larger sample to generalize the results. • A comparative study can be conducted among rural and urban children to evaluate the effectiveness of dry papaya seeds powder. • It may be conducted in different setting among various populations where more estimated cases had been present. • The same study could be carried out in the school setting