34 research outputs found

    Identification of Novel Regulatory Cholesterol Metabolite, 5-Cholesten, 3β,25-Diol, Disulfate

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    Oxysterol sulfation plays an important role in regulation of lipid metabolism and inflammatory responses. In the present study, we report the discovery of a novel regulatory sulfated oxysterol in nuclei of primary rat hepatocytes after overexpression of the gene encoding mitochondrial cholesterol delivery protein (StarD1). Forty-eight hours after infection of the hepatocytes with recombinant StarD1 adenovirus, a water-soluble oxysterol product was isolated and purified by chemical extraction and reverse-phase HPLC. Tandem mass spectrometry analysis identified the oxysterol as 5-cholesten-3β, 25-diol, disulfate (25HCDS), and confirmed the structure by comparing with a chemically synthesized compound. Administration of 25HCDS to human THP-1-derived macrophages or HepG2 cells significantly inhibited cholesterol synthesis and markedly decreased lipid levels in vivo in NAFLD mouse models. RT-PCR showed that 25HCDS significantly decreased SREBP-1/2 activities by suppressing expression of their responding genes, including ACC, FAS, and HMG-CoA reductase. Analysis of lipid profiles in the liver tissues showed that administration of 25HCDS significantly decreased cholesterol, free fatty acids, and triglycerides by 30, 25, and 20%, respectively. The results suggest that 25HCDS inhibits lipid biosynthesis via blocking SREBP signaling. We conclude that 25HCDS is a potent regulator of lipid metabolism and propose its biosynthetic pathway

    Rifaximin Exerts Beneficial Effects Independent of its Ability to Alter Microbiota Composition

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    Rifaximin has clinical benefits in minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE) but the mechanism of action is unclear. The antibiotic-dependent and -independent effects of rifaximin need to be elucidated in the setting of MHE-associated microbiota. To assess the action of rifaximin on intestinal barrier, inflammatory milieu and ammonia generation independent of microbiota using rifaximin

    Profiling of Urinary Glucuronidated Bile Acids across Age Groups

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    We investigated the age-dependent changes in urinary excretion of glucuronidated bile acids at the C-3 position. Bile acid 3-glucuronides accounted for 0.5% of urinary bile acids in neonates, and the proportion of bile acid 3-glucuronides plateaued at 1–3 years of age. The 3-glucuronides of secondary bile acids were first secreted at 3 months of age, the same time as the establishment of the gut bacterial flora in infants. A considerable portion of bile acid 3-glucuronides were present as non-amidated forms. Our results indicate dynamic hepatic enzyme activity in which the levels of uridine 5′-diphospho-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) differ by age group, with higher glucuronidation activity of UGTs towards nonamidated bile acids than amidated bile acids

    Analysis of chemically synthesized 25HCDS: MS spectrum and <sup>1</sup>H NMR spectrum of 25HCDS.

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    <p>(<b>A</b>) Negative ion flow injection mass spectrum of 25HCDS. m/z, 583(M+Na-2H), 561 (M-H) 481 (M-S) and 463 (M-S-S-H2O) were observed as major ions. This fragmentation pattern is similar to that obtained from the nuclear compound (<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0103621#pone-0103621-g003" target="_blank">Fig. 1C</a>); (<b>B</b>) 1H NMR spectrum of 25HCDS; the sulfated 3α-H resonated at 4.14 ppm which was ca 0.7ppm downfield compared to that of unsulfated 3α-H in 25HC. All other chemical shifts and their spin couplings observed were similar to those of 25HC and 25HC3S; and (<b>C</b>) 13C NMR spectrum of 25HCDS; the C-3 and C-25 resonated at 86 and 80 ppm, which were δ 14 ppm and δ 9 ppm downfield, respectively, indicating that both positions are sulfated.</p

    Relative Hepatic mRNA Expression Involved in Lipid Metabolism in Mice Fed on a HFD with or without 25HCDS.

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    <p>Animals were treated as described in Methods.</p><p>All values are expressed as the mean ± SD; n = 6–7.</p><p>* p<0.05 compared with HFD mice.</p><p>Abbreviations: HFD, high fat diet.</p
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