ザンビア農村社会の脆弱性とレジリアンス – 土地所有制度と食料安全保障の観点から

The paper shows that pre-colonial ecologies of agricultural systems in some parts of rural Zambia were sustainable and resilient to prevailing environmental conditions, and were therefore able to ensure relative food security, under communal land tenure.However, colonial policies of land alienation and labour migration impacted negatively on food production systems of some ethnic groups like the citemene system of the Bemba and the flood plain cultivation system of the Lozi, making them extremely vulnerable due to the absence of large numbers of males. Paradoxically, the Tonga people in Southern Zambia responded positively to the introduction of modern methods of cultivation, exhibiting resilience by adapting and adopting the cultivation of hybrid maize and the ox-drawn plough. They also began to transform their land tenure system from being communal to become increasingly individualised.At independence in 1964, the UNIP government intervened strongly in promoting rural development (1964-1990), by subsidising maize production and by implementing protectionist policies to maintain communal tenure. However, food security could not be guaranteed, and the policies led to over dependence of small-scale farmers on government and on maize at the expense of other food crops.The introduction of neo-liberal policies (from 1991 to 2001) by the MMD government coupled with adverse weather conditions, made food production systems rather vulnerable to both policy and environmental shocks. However, efforts are being made (from 2001- to date) with the assistance of cooperating partners or the international community, the United Nations System and Non Governmental Organisations (NGOs), to continue with land tenure empowerment policies to ensure secure land tenure for both men and women, and make targeted interventions with partial subsidies to rebuild the resilience of rural society, so as to promote national and household food security

Vulnerability and Resilience of Rural Society in Zambia: From the View Point of Land Tenure and Food Security

植民地前のザンビア農村社会では、農業システム生態系は一般的な環境条件に対し持続的かつレジリアントであり、従来の共同体的な土地保有の下で食料安全が保証された。しかし、植民地政策による労働移動と土地分配により、Bemba 族のチテメネシステムや Lozi 族の氾濫原での耕作等の生産システムは影響を受け、男性不在により農村地域の脆弱性が高まる結果となった。一方、ザンビア南部のトンガ族は、ハイブリッドメイズや牛耕等の近代的耕作技術を積極的に導入し、土地制度も共同体的所有制度から個人所有へと変化させ、レジリアンスの高さを示した。１９６４年の独立以来、UNIP 政権は強力に地域開発を推し進め、メイズ生産の補助や、植民地政府の土地制度を維持する保守的政策を実施した。しかし、食料安全は保障されず、小規模農民が政府とメイズのみの生産に過度に依存する状態となった。MMD政権により１９９１年から２００１年までに実施された新リベラル政策は、天候の不順も災いし、政策や環境変動に対する食料生産システムの脆弱性を増大させた。しかし、２００１年以降現在に至るまで、土地所有のエンパワーメント政策により、男性女性ともに土地所有を保証し、地域社会のレジリアンスを再構築するための政府の介入政策が行われており、国家と世帯の食料安全保障を推進する努力がなされている。The paper shows that pre-colonial ecologies of agricultural systems in some parts of rural Zambia were sustainable and resilient to prevailing environmental conditions, and were therefore able to ensure relative food security, under communal land tenure.However, colonial policies of land alienation and labour migration impacted negatively on food production systems of some ethnic groups like the citemene system of the Bemba and the flood plain cultivation system of the Lozi, making them extremely vulnerable due to the absence of large numbers of males. Paradoxically, the Tonga people in Southern Zambia responded positively to the introduction of modern methods of cultivation, exhibiting resilience by adapting and adopting the cultivation of hybrid maize and the ox-drawn plough. They also began to transform their land tenure system from being communal to become increasingly individualised.At independence in 1964, the UNIP government intervened strongly in promoting rural development (1964-1990), by subsidising maize production and by implementing protectionist policies to maintain communal tenure. However, food security could not be guaranteed, and the policies led to over dependence of small-scale farmers on government and on maize at the expense of other food crops.The introduction of neo-liberal policies (from 1991 to 2001) by the MMD government coupled with adverse weather conditions, made food production systems rather vulnerable to both policy and environmental shocks. However, efforts are being made (from 2001- to date) with the assistance of cooperating partners or the international community, the United Nations System and Non Governmental Organisations (NGOs), to continue with land tenure empowerment policies to ensure secure land tenure for both men and women, and make targeted interventions with partial subsidies to rebuild the resilience of rural society, so as to promote national and household food security

Some Observations on the Agrarian Question in the Era of Economic Liberalisation in Sub-Saharan Africa: Which Way Forward?

This paper contributes to the debate on the way forward in sub-­‐Saharan Africa with respect to the agrarian question in emerging markets under economic liberalisation. The point of departure is that since the peasantry is a temporary category which can be transformed into other social groups that can earn their living from incomes raised outside agriculture (such as from wage employment in mines, manufacturing industries, and the service sectors), not every rural dweller should be or is a farmer. Improved methods of cultivation especially with mechanisation, agricultural extension, entrepreneurship, and skills training and empowerment of women and youth; secure land tenure for collateral; infrastructure development to link farmers to markets; and finance can help a small proportion of the rural populations of Africa to graduate into commercial farmers who could produce enough food to feed the continent. The surplus population could be absorbed in wage employment in agro-­‐processing industries, and in other value adding industries outside agriculture such as mineral processing, if Africa experiences industrial transformation. This is largely the experience of industrialised countries that have experienced such transformation in the last 50 years or so, the same period African countries have enjoyed political independence, but have lagged behind with respect to resolving the agrarian question

Access to Land and Poverty Reduction in Rural Zambia: Connecting the Policy Issues

Key Policy Message: - Despite having relatively low population densities, inadequate access to land is one of the major causes of rural poverty in Zambia. - The apparent paradox of inadequate access to land for many rural households in a country of low population density is partially reconciled when taking into account that economically viable arable land requires at least some degree of access to basic services, water, road infrastructure, and markets. The basic public investments to make settlement economically viable have yet been made in many areas of Zambia. - Depending of future land allocation policy, access to good quality land with a market potential may become increasingly beyond the reach of many small-scale farm households, making it more difficult to achieve a smallholder-led, pro-poor agricultural development trajectory.zambia, food security, land, policy, Agricultural and Food Policy, Community/Rural/Urban Development, Consumer/Household Economics, Food Security and Poverty, Land Economics/Use, q18, q15,

Book Reviews

Reviews of: Why Africa is Poor – and what Africans can do about it. By Greg Mills; Living the End of Empire: Politics and Society in Late Colonial Zambia. Edited by Jan-Bart Gewald, Marja Hinfelaar and Giacomo Macola; Left Behind: Rural Zambia in the Third Republic. By Jeremy Gould; Gender Budgeting as a Tool for Poverty Reduction. By The African Capacity Building Foundation. African Capacity Building Foundatio

Vulnerability of Food Production Systems of Small-Scale Farmers to Climate Change in Southern Zambia: A Search for Adaptive Strategies

本研究の目的は、シナゾングェ県カファンビラ地区における、気候変動に対する小規模農家の食料生産システムの脆弱性を評価し、気候変動の影響および短期的対処戦略とともに長期的適応戦略のための農民の知見を評価することである。調査では、３２世帯を対象とした半構造化インタビューと情報提供者を含む計４４人が参加した２回のグループ討論から定性的、定量的データを収集した。小規模農家は気候変動の概念についての理解はないものの、度重なる旱ばつや時折生じる洪水からその影響を経験していた。回答者によれば、気候変動は急激に食料生産に大きな負の影響を与えており、トウジンビエ、ソルガム、メイズ等主食作物の不作をもたらしている。主な対処戦略（作物の組合せや間作の他）として以下のような生業活動があげられる。まず、家畜を売却した現金でカリバ湖畔で魚を購入する。購入した魚は、高地へ運ばれ、メイズを購入するために現金化されたり、メイズと交換されたりする。持ち帰ったメイズは製粉され食糧となる。農民は必要に応じてこのような生業活動を繰り返している。地域の農民は気候変動に対する長期的な対策は知らないと回答したものの、カリバ湖から灌漑用水を引く事業を設立し、小規模金融と旱ばつ耐性がある早生の高収量改良品種を供与してもらうために政府と関係者に働きかけた。また、農民達は政府に対して穀物、家畜、魚の交易を容易にするために、彼らが居住する遠隔地と高地をつなぐ道路の建設を要求した。The overall aim of the research was to assess the vulnerability of the food production systemof small-scale farmers in Kafwambila area in Sinazongwe district to climate change; assess their perceptions; impacts and short term coping strategies and search for long term adaptive strategies.Both qualitative and quantitative data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 32 small-scale farmers including key informants; and two Focus Group Discussions were attended by a total of 44 participants.The study has shown that although the small-scale farmers are not aware of the concept of climate change, they experience its impacts through frequent droughts and occasional floods. The respondents indicated that climatic variability increasingly impacts negatively on food production, leading to crop failure of their staple cereals of bulrush millet, sorghum and maize.The major coping strategy (apart from crop combinations or inter cropping) is the establishment of a livelihoods circuit, in which farmers sell some of their livestock to traders, in order to raise cash with which to buy fish from Lake Kariba; then they travel to the plateau to sell the fish, raise money to buy maize grain from farmers on the plateau, or exchange fish with maize grain. Then, the farmers return with grain to the valley, grind it to obtain maize meal, and repeat the cycle when need arises.Although the farmers stated that they do not know what to do in order to make long term adaptation to climate change, they called for the government and other stakeholders to establish an irrigation scheme to tap water from Lake Kariba; provide micro-credit and improved seed varieties that are drought tolerant, early maturing and high yielding.Farmers also requested the government to construct passable roads that can link their remote area to the plateau in order to facilitate trade in grain, livestock and fish

Book Reviews

Reviews of: Why Africa is Poor – and what Africans can do about it. By Greg Mills; Living the End of Empire: Politics and Society in Late Colonial Zambia. Edited by Jan-Bart Gewald, Marja Hinfelaar and Giacomo Macola; Left Behind: Rural Zambia in the Third Republic. By Jeremy Gould; Gender Budgeting as a Tool for Poverty Reduction. By The African Capacity Building Foundation. African Capacity Building Foundatio

Emerging Anthelmintic Resistance in Poultry: Can ethnopharmacological approaches offer a solution?

Limited pharmacological studies have been conducted on plant species used against poultry helminths. The objective of this study was to provide a basis for plant based anthelmintics as possible alternatives against poultry anthelmintic resistance. The study justified the need for alternative anthelmintics. The study places emphasis on the increasing anthelmintic resistance, mechanism of resistance, and preparational protocols for plant anthelmintics and their associated mechanism of action. Pharmaceutical studies on plants as alternative therapies for the control of helminth parasites have not been fully explored especially in several developing countries. Plants from a broad range of species produce a wide variety of compounds that are potential anthelmintics candidates. Important phenolic acids have been found in Brassica rapa L. and Terminalia avicenniodes Guill. and Perri that affect the cell signaling pathways and gene expression. Benzo (c) phenanthridine and isoquinoline alkaloids are neurotoxic to helminths. Steroidal saponins (polyphyllin D and dioscin) interact with helminthic mitochondrial activity, alter cell membrane permeability, vacuolation and membrane damage. Benzyl isothiocyanate glucosinolates interfere with DNA replication and protein expression, while isoflavones from Acacia oxyphylla cause helminth flaccid paralysis, inhibit energy generation, and affect calcium utilization. Condensed tannins have been shown to cause the death of nematodes and paralysis leading to expulsion from the gastro-intestinal tract. Flavonoids from Chenopodium album L and Mangifera indica L act through the action of phosphodiesterase and Ca(2+)-ATPase, and flavonoids and tannins have been shown to act synergistically and are complementary to praziquantel. Artemisinins from Artemisia cina O. Berg are known to disrupt mitochondrial ATP production. Terpenoids from Cucurbita moschata L disrupt neurotransmission leading to paralysis as well as disruption of egg hatching. Yeast particle encapsulated terpenes are effective for the control of albendazole-resistant helminths

Urban morphology dynamics and environmental change in Kano, Nigeria

In recent years, a critical understanding of human-nature interactions has become central to studies exploring the dynamics of urban morphology and the sustainability of growing cities in the developing world. Accordingly, numerous scholars have employed the coupled human and natural systems (CHANS) framework as a tool for understanding how cities are evolving in times of profound global change. Focusing on the case of Kano, northern Nigeria's largest city, this paper explores the potential of the CHANS framework in the analysis and interpretation of the human-nature interface in cities of the global south. Drawing on the qualitative analysis of graphic information and classical and contemporary literature, the centuries-old spatial morphology of Kano is traced and analysed. In the process, the paper highlights how change in the roles of traditional institutions of urban land administration have triggered the degeneration of the city's resilient indigenous urban morphology. Field investigations and the analysis of a variety of 19th, 20th and, 21st century images reveal significant change in the city's traditional building materials, roofing styles, street forms, distribution of ponds, and green and open spaces. Population pressure on urban land has also been a major driving force behind the unfolding changes. One catastrophic outcome of these changes has been the exacerbation of recurrent floods. In drawing attention to wider lessons for urban planners in other developing country contexts, the paper stresses the need to analyse any notable spatial and non-spatial events in cities in relation to the changing dynamics of urban morphology