Peer review : organisational learning for nurses : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Nursing at Massey University

Organisational learning as it relates to the development of a peer review system within a clinical area of nursing practice is the focus of this study. Sixteen Public Health Nurses, with the manager of their service, and three key managers from the employing Crown Health Enterprise in provincial New Zealand, took part with the researcher in this praxis-oriented participatory action research process. A framework of the learning organisation was created to direct the research inquiry and evaluate data in relation to the developing peer review system. Through the use of critically reflexive discussions in an ongoing spiral of planning, implementing, observing, and assessing, this study illuminates the growth of the learning organisation and the building of a peer review system. within a cost-conscious healthcare service delivery environment. The account of the research process includes factors facilitative of, and critical to, the learning organisation. Use of many direct quotes from participants creates a context against which to visualise problems and constraints faced by the research group, and offers the reader a decision trail with which to resolve issues of credibility. Use of the peer process, it is suggested, will generate vital information about organisational performance, which will enable nurses to assume legitimate control of clinical nursing workplaces. Conclusions derived from this study suggest that peer review and the learning organisation are important tools for both assuring the quality of clinical nursing performance and securing organisational goals

Estimating Linkages between Redfish and Cold Water Coral on the Norwegian Coast

The importance of essential fish habitat in supporting commercial fisheries has received increasing attention in recent years. Bottom trawling is known to cause particularly destructive damage to habitat that is effectively non-renewable, such as cold water corals. This paper applies the production function approach to estimate the link between cold water corals and redfish in Norway. Both the carrying capacity and growth rate of redfish are found to be functions of cold water coral habitat and thus cold water corals can be considered an essential fish habitat. The paper also estimates a facultative relationship between cold water coral and redfish stocks. The essential habitat model shows the best fit to the data. Comparative statics of an essential habitat indicate an approximate annual loss in harvest of between 11 and 29% within the bounds of coral decline estimated by scientists. In terms of policy, our results indicate that essential fish habitat protection should be considered when managing commercially important species.Cold water coral, redfish, production function, habitat-fishery linkages, essential fish habitat, International Development, Research Methods/ Statistical Methods, Q22,

Hooker's Sea Lion Bycatch in New Zealand

With a value of NZ$ 85 million the seasonal squid fishery represents one of New Zealands main export earners. The majority of catch is taken by trawl from the Auckland Islands, 350 km south of New Zealand, which coincides with the main breeding and foraging range of the rare Hookers sea lion. Currently the government constrains the incidental capture of sea lions by closing the seasonal fishery once a specified number of sea lion deaths is reached. This results not only in significant financial losses but also provides an incentive to fishermen to circumvent regulation, i.e. the calculated number of sea lion deaths is based on an estimated mortality rate per standard unit of effort but recently trawl vessels are observed to expand the capacity of such a standard unit. This paper formalises the current situation analytically by constructing a bioeconomic model that captures the idiosyncracies of the squid fishery and the imposed regulation. By reducing the regulatory constraint to a simple isoperimetric problem I am able to show analytically how the current management regime leaves fishermen with no avenue other than to increase the capacity of a standard unit of effort in order to increase profits. I suggest an alternative management approach where the government may place a fee on each unit of effort as a function of the radial distance to the Auckland Islands. By internalising sea lion bycatch as a space-dependent cost whilst still retaining the regulatory mortality limit, the incentive for fishermen to increase profits is redirected to the choice of distance from the sea lions breeding grounds

A Cultural Approach to Music Therapy in New Zealand: a Maori Perspective

The main theme of this study is to form a culturally appropriate approach to music therapy concepts from a Maori perspective that could be inclusive and accommodate both Maori and Tauiwi (non-Maori) Rangatahi (adolescents) in health care settings. In order to provide a descriptive account of the holistic aspects of introducing Maori musical concepts in a music therapy setting a qualitative design was employed. The study draws on my personal journal entries, an interview with Kaumatua (Maori respected elders) regarding the appropriateness of introducing and altering traditional Maori musicality to accommodate the patient's needs and a case study involving the Haka as a music therapy intervention strategy with a young Maori patient diagnosed with schizophrenia. My findings show that as a music therapist consultation with Kaumatua regarding anything related to Maori cultural aspects was essential. I also found that when working with a Maori Rangatahi who is immersed in Maori culture, it created an atmosphere of containment, familiarity, enjoyment, engagement and an environment that facilitated the achievement of therapeutic goals. Te Whare Tapa Wha Maori mental health model is well suited as a music therapy assessment tool to the characteristics of the physical, emotional, spiritual and family context of the Haka. I also found that Tauiwi music therapists wishing to introduce cultural elements must first learn about Maori culture and the people in order to confidently understand the music. Tauiwi Rangatahi may also benefit from the introduction of Maori musicality as a therapeutic means by being an inclusive member of the community and the positive psychological effects. For example, Rangatahi benefited from learning the proper pronunciation and meaning of the Haka, which in turn gave them a sense of achievement. I also found that some Maori protocols fit well with the protocols of music therapy, such as the beginning and endings with a hello and goodbye song

Te Manaakitanga i roto i ngā ahumahi Tāpoi - the interpretation of manaakitanga from a Māori tourism supplier perspective

Manaakitanga plays an important role in Māori society. There are several meanings associated to this Māori cultural concept, one of which refers to the fostering and nurturing of relationships between a host and a visitor. The well-being of the visitor is paramount to the development of this relationship as the mana (prestige) of the host is at stake. If the host fails to manaaki (support) their visitor this could result in the loss of mana within the Māori community as the host has shown they are incapable of attending to the needs of others. In recent times, there has been an increased presence of the term manaakitanga in tourism related documents, which has generated several interpretations of this cultural concept. Currently, various government organisations use this concept as a basis for developing both short and long-term strategies. This is particularly noticeable in the New Zealand Tourism Strategy 2015. However, there are varied interpretations of the term manaakitanga by the tourism industry, which are in conflict with Māori operators understanding and knowledge of manaakitanga reflected in their businesses. In order to contextualise the experiences and perspectives provided by Māori tourism operators, a theoretical framework has been developed. This framework called ‘Te Kōhai’ located in kaupapa Māori (Māori ideology) ideology best reflects the world-view of the participants who form the basis of this study. Thus, this study has been prompted by the research question - how is manaakitanga interpreted in a Māori tourism operation? Possible misinterpretation of manaakitanga may result in the concept being used incorrectly and the transgression of cultural practices, thus compromising the experiences offered by Māori tourism operations. It is important then, to investigate, whether manaakitanga is understood as ‘hospitality’ in the tourism industry and more specifically, by people who work within a Māori tourism operation. Additionally, it is important to determine how staff employed in a Māori tourism operation, understand and portray this concept. Subsequently, interpretations of manaakitanga from the perspective of Māori tourism operators, forms the basis of this thesis

Do catch shares lead to stewardship? A bioeconomic analysis

Catch shares are being increasingly adopted worldwide to halt overfishing and improve ecosystem outcomes. Rights-based fisheries management generates economic efficiency, and fishers with a financial stake in the fisheries are believed to have the incentive to become ecological stewards. However, the empirical evidence shows no significant impact of catch share adoption on stewardship measures such as use of habitat damaging gears. Based on a wide literature review, including indigenous resource management and modern conservation science, we define stewardship as a measure of ecosystem integrity. Accordingly, we develop a general bioeconomic model that extends the standard property rights model where the market price for transferable quotas equals the optimal shadow value of the resource under catch shares. By modelling the choice of fishing gear, which impacts on ecosystem integrity, as additional control and state variables, respectively, we show analytically how the market price of transferable quotas does not explicitly capture fishing gear effects on ecosystem integrity. Our model highlights the deficiency of catch shares as an ecosystem management tool, motivating an extension to catch share fisheries management such as associated habitat quotas or fishing gear taxes

I will be back. Labour supply of paua (abalone) divers in New Zealand

The interpretation of the neoclassical model of dynamic labor supply is straight forward. A rational agent exposed to a temporary increase (reduction) in wages will respond by increasing (reducing) working hours. However, empirically such behavior has been hard to confirm. Most income increases are not temporary; hence a substantial income effect confuses the responding behavior from such an agent. Equally, most workers cannot adjust their working hours on a daily, or even a weekly basis but have a pretty fixed working week of e.g. 40 hours in many OECD countries. Recently, Camerer et al. (1997) found that inexperienced New York cab drivers did not respond as predicted to wage increases, but according to the authors were guided by daily income targets and loss aversion which would explain the unpredicted behavior. Fisheries offer an example of job where workers are exposed to short term wage changes and at the same time have freedom to set their number of working hours. A better understanding of the micro economic behavior of fishers is necessary to managers aiming at regulating fisheries in a sustainable and efficient manner. In this paper we analyze three datasets on paua (abalone) divers in southern New Zealand between 2001 and 2006. These fishers face an inelastic export demand and at the same time vary their daily working hours. We find non-constant and significant wage elasticities, which have a significant impact on the common assumption of a one day time horizon

Use and non-use values in an applied bioeconomic model of fisheries and habitat connections

In addition to indirect support to fisheries, marine habitats also provide non-use benefits often overlooked in most bioeconomic models. We expand a dynamic bioeconomic fisheries model where presence of natural habitats reduces fishing cost via aggregation effects and provides non-use benefits. The theoretical model is illustrated with an application to cold-water corals in Norway where two fishing methods are considered—destructive bottom trawl and non-destructive coastal gear. Non-use values of cold-water corals in Norway are estimated using a discrete choice experiment. Both the theoretical model and its empirical applications demonstrate how non-use values impact optimal fishing practices

A Bioeconomic Model of Fishery-Habitat Impacts

A scientific knowledge gap exists with regard to how benthic habitat is affected by destructive fishing methods, such as bottom trawling, and how this impacts upon the productivity of commercial fish stocks. This article addresses analytically the effects of destructive fishing practices of a single gear fishery on a non-renewable habitat, such as deepwater corals, by deriving bioeconomic optimal steady states in the case a habitat is preferred and in the case it is essential. We show that a preferred habitat implies successively higher optimal levels of a commercially harvested renewable deepwater fish species are required to compensate for rising unit harvest costs as the deepwater coral stock is irreversibly depleted, while an essential habitat can lead to the opposite, i.e. a lower input of habitat reduces the optimal stock level. The results are then discussed in the context of spatial protection vs. market-based options focusing on the compatibility between economic efficiency and deepwater conservation goals

Search and Destroy: a Bioeconomic Model of Orange Roughly Fisheries in New Zealand

This paper reviews New Zealand‚ orange roughly fishery management and applies a bioeconomic model to explain the seamount depletion externality by bottom trawling. The model shows that despite an upper limit on annual harvest, the potential gains in economic rent from trawling on pristine habitat, where catch rates are high, rather than on known tracks/flat bottom lead to the continued discovery and destruction of seamounts. The bioeconomic model identifies the temporal and spatial determinants of fisher behavior, which we estimate empirically with data on orange roughly catch and effort by location between 2001 and 2010. We find that the probability of seamount discovery and the interest rate are dominant factors in determining the distribution of orange roughly harvest during the fishing year, while the effects of cost of harvest and price are negligible. A amount fee approach may address the spatial dimension of fisher behavior more effectively than current regulation by removing the superior rents associated with pristine seamounts. In the long term, it may provide an impetus for fishers to develop and adopt selective fishing practices. Our analysis emphasizes the importance of understanding underlying economic incentives that govern fisher behavior when devising fish and habitat management