Intersubjektiivisuus, vuorojen väliset yhteydet ja rytmi varhaisessa vuorovaikutuksessa : tapaustutkimus

Only abstract. Paper copies of master’s theses are listed in the Helka database (http://www.helsinki.fi/helka). Electronic copies of master’s theses are either available as open access or only on thesis terminals in the Helsinki University Library.Vain tiivistelmä. Sidottujen gradujen saatavuuden voit tarkistaa Helka-tietokannasta (http://www.helsinki.fi/helka). Digitaaliset gradut voivat olla luettavissa avoimesti verkossa tai rajoitetusti kirjaston opinnäytekioskeilla.Endast sammandrag. Inbundna avhandlingar kan sökas i Helka-databasen (http://www.helsinki.fi/helka). Elektroniska kopior av avhandlingar finns antingen öppet på nätet eller endast tillgängliga i bibliotekets avhandlingsterminaler.Tutkielmassa tarkasteltiin erilaisia tapoja, joilla peräkkäiset eleet ja äänet voivat olla yhteydessä toisiinsa varhaisessa vuorovaikutuksessa, sekä rytmiä varhaisessa vuorovaikutuksessa. Aineistona toimivat lyhyet videonauhoitteet yhden äiti-vauva parin vuorovaikutuksesta. Niistä tehtiin pikkutarkkoja analyysejä. Tutkielma otti vaikutteita keskustelunanalyysistä ja se on tarkoitettu osallistumaan keskustelunanalyytikoiden piirissä käytävään keskusteluun inhimillisen sosiaalisuuden erityispiirteistä (esimerkiksi Enfield ja Levinson 2006). Psykologisista varhaista intersubjektiivisuutta koskevista käsityksistä tutkielman kannalta hyödylliseksi koettiin Beatrice Beeben ja kumppanien käsitykset (Beebe et al. 2003b). Heidän käsityksensä peräkkäisten vuorojen toisiinsa liittymisen tavoista ja suhteen korjauksesta varhaisessa vuorovaikutuksessa olivat avuksi aineiston kanssa työskenneltäessä. Peräkkäisten vuorojen välisistä yhteyksistä todettiin, että niitä syntyy ennen kaikkea edellisen vuoron piirteiden toistamisen kautta (vertaa Uzgiris et al. 1989). Toisaalta peräkkäiset eleet ja äänet saattoivat olla yhteydessä myös sitä kautta, että ne jatkoivat jossain suhteessa siitä, mihin edellinen vuoro oli jäänyt. Tutkittaessa tilanteita, joissa vaikutti kuin keskenään erilaisten eleiden välillä olisi yhteys, päädyttiin käsitykseen, että yhteys syntyi siitä, että äidin edelliseen vuoroon nähden selkeän erilainen vauvan vuoro ilmaisi suhteen korjaamisen tarpeesta. Edelliseen vuoroon nähden selkeästi eriäviä vauvan eleitä seurasi äidin yrityksiä ymmärtää, mikä on pielessä. Voimallisia tunteenilmaisuja huomioitiin vastaanotettavan erilaisilla tavoilla. Vauvan todettiin liikkuvan melko samassa rytmissä omaisen puheen kanssa (vertaa Condon ja Sander 1974), vaikkei saatukaan selvyyttä, millainen yhteys puheen ja vauvan liikkeen välillä täsmälleen ottaen on. Pohdittiin myös sitä, voisiko tällaisesta puheen rytmissä liikkumisesta olla hyötyä vuorottelussa. Äidin todettiin liikkuvan rytmikkäästi puheensa mukana ja koskettelevan vauvaa rytmikkäästi. Tämä ilmeisesti auttoi vauvan puheen rytmissä pysymistä. Äiti näytti kuitenkin myös sovittavan puheensa rytmiä vauvan liikkeen rytmiin. Tällöin äidin rytmi ei olekaan äidin oma rytmi, vaan se tulee vuorovaikutteisesti tuotetuksi. Tämä tuo oman hämmentävä elementtinsä mukaan pohdittaessa puheen ja vauvan liikkeen samanrytmisyyttä. Lopuksi tarkasteltiin vuorovaikutusjaksoa, jossa äiti näytti tuottavan liikkeissään ja äänessään rytmiä, joka organisoi parin vuorottelua.Mukana CD -levy, jolla 505 Mt video- ja äänitiedostoja

Empathy, Challenge, and Psychophysiological Activation in Therapist-Client Interaction

Two central dimensions in psychotherapeutic work are a therapist's empathy with clients and challenging their judgments. We investigated how they influence psychophysiological responses in the participants. Data were from psychodynamic therapy sessions, 24 sessions from 5 dyads, from which 694 therapist's interventions were coded. Heart rate and electrodermal activity (EDA) of the participants were used to index emotional arousal. Facial muscle activity (electromyography) was used to index positive and negative emotional facial expressions. Electrophysiological data were analyzed in two time frames: (a) during the therapists' interventions and (b) across the whole psychotherapy session. Both empathy and challenge had an effect on psychophysiological responses in the participants. Therapists' empathy decreased clients' and increased their own EDA across the session. Therapists' challenge increased their own EDA in response to the interventions, but not across the sessions. Clients, on the other hand, did not respond to challenges during interventions, but challenges tended to increase EDA across a session. Furthermore, there was an interaction effect between empathy and challenge. Heart rate decreased and positive facial expressions increased in sessions where empathy and challenge were coupled, i.e., the amount of both empathy and challenge was either high or low. This suggests that these two variables work together. The results highlight the therapeutic functions and interrelation of empathy and challenge, and in line with the dyadic system theory by Beebe and Lachmann (2002), the systemic linkage between interactional expression and individual regulation of emotion.Peer reviewe

Affiliation and Dominance in Female and Male Dyads : When Discoordination Makes Happy

Drawing on sixteen 45-min-long dyadic same-sex conversations between unacquainted females or males, we used the joystick method by Sadler et al. (J Pers Soc Psychol 97:1005–1020.  https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016232, 2009) to rate the moment-to-moment levels of affiliation and dominance during the first and last 10 min of these conversations. Besides comparing the behavioral patterns in female and male dyads, we drew on the pre- and post-conversation questionnaires filled by the participants of the rated conversations to study the experiential consequences (valence, arousal, happiness, anxiety) of these patterns. Both genders exhibited the same complementary patterns where affiliation pulls for affiliation and dominance for submissiveness. However, these patterns were experienced differently by females and males. Greater affiliation synchrony increased the levels of happiness and arousal for males, but not for females. In addition, greater dominance coordination predicted a more negative valence change for females than for males. The paper thus points to gender differences in what constitutes a positive interactional experience and suggests a need to revisit social scientific theorizing in this regard.Peer reviewe

Nods, vocal continuers, and the perception of empathy in storytelling

In her influential paper on stance, alignment, and affiliation in conversational storytelling, Tanya Stivers argued that two basic conversational means of receiving a story, nods and vocal continuers, differ in their function: whereas vocal continuers display alignment with the telling activity, nods, during the mid-telling, convey affiliation with the storytellers' affective stance. In this paper, we elaborate these insights on the basis of a quantitative study informed by conversation analysis. Using a database of 317 stories told in Finnish, we analyzed how story recipients' nods and continuers in different phases of storytelling (before and after the story climax) predict naive raters' judgments of the story recipients' empathy toward the storyteller. We found that vocal continuers accounted for the perception of empathy during mid-telling, whereas the effect of nods remained weak. The study offers further support to the notion of structural organization of storytelling, and suggests that the significance of vocal continuers as a vehicle of empathy may be greater than has been generally thought of.Peer reviewe

Sequentiality, Mutual Visibility, and Behavioral Matching : Body Sway and Pitch Register During Joint Decision Making

We studied behavioral matching during joint decision making. Drawing on motion-capture and voice data from 12 dyads, we analyzed body-sway and pitch-register matching during sequential transitions and continuations, with and without mutual visibility. Body sway was matched most strongly during sequential transitions in the conditions of mutual visibility. Pitch-register matching was higher during sequential transitions than continuations only when the participants could not see each other. These results suggest that both body sway and pitch register are used to manage sequential transitions, while mutual visibility influences the relative weights of these two resources. The conversational data are in Finnish with English translation.Peer reviewe

Emotion, psychophysiology, and intersubjectivity

Publisher Copyright: © 2021 John Benjamins Publishing Company.Conversation analytical studies on emotion show how expression of emotion is part of the intersubjective experience. Emotions, however, are as much physiological as experiential events. Physiological processes pertaining to emotion involve changes in cardiovascular activity, in the activation of sweat glands, and in muscular activity. The dyadic systems theory by Beebe and Lachmann (2002) suggests that actions that regulate social interaction also serve in the regulation of internal emotional states of interacting subjects. Drawing from this theory, our overall research questions was: how is the expression of emotion in social interaction linked to physiological responses in the participants? Our main result was that thorough conversational affiliation, the participants share the emotional load in the interaction.Peer reviewe

Affective stance, ambivalence, and psychophysiological responses during conversational storytelling

Peer reviewe

Emotion, psychophysiology, and intersubjectivity

Conversation analytical studies on emotion show how expression of emotion is part of the intersubjective experience. Emotions, however, are as much physiological as experiential events. Physiological processes pertaining to emotion involve changes in cardiovascular activity, in the activation of sweat glands, and in muscular activity. The dyadic systems theory by Beebe and Lachmann (2002) suggests that actions that regulate social interaction also serve in the regulation of internal emotional states of interacting subjects. Drawing from this theory, our overall research questions was: how is the expression of emotion in social interaction linked to physiological responses in the participants? Our main result was that thorough conversational affiliation, the participants share the emotional load in the interaction.acceptedVersionPeer reviewe

On the Asperger experience of interaction : Interpersonal dynamics in dyadic conversations

We compared the patterns of affiliative and dominant behavior displayed in male dyads where one participant has Asperger's syndrome (AS) with those displayed in male dyads with two neurotypical (NT) participants. Drawing on interpersonal theory, according to which affiliation and dominance constitute two orthogonal axes of the "interpersonal circle," we used a computer-joystick apparatus to assess the participants' moment-to-moment affiliative and dominant behaviors throughout conversation. The patterns of affiliation and dominance were subsequently studied in relation to post-conversation questionnaires that targeted the interactional experiences of the participants in the two different types of dyads (AS dyads, NT dyads). We found the overall interpersonal notion of complementarity to hold for AS and NT dyads alike: greater affiliation in one participant invoked greater affiliation in the co-participant, and greater dominance invoked greater submissiveness in the co-participant. The AS and NT dyads, however, differed with regard to how affiliative and dominant behaviors related to each other during the time course of a single conversation. Furthermore, we found important differences between the AS and NT dyads in how the different patterns of affiliation and dominance were experienced by the participants. For example, a high level of affiliation synchrony was experienced in more negative terms by the participants in the AS dyads than by those in the NT dyads, while a high level of dominance coordination was experienced in more positive terms by the participants in the AS dyads than by those in the NT dyads. The paper increases understanding of the details of the interactional deficits associated with AS and of the conditions in which AS participants may get maximally positive interactional experiences. More generally, our study highlights the necessity to take the study of individual differences in the experiences of patterns of affiliation and dominance into the official agenda of empirical interaction research.Peer reviewe

Dyslipidemiat : KÄYPÄ HOITO -SUOSITUS (Päivitystiivistelmä)

Käypä hoito -suositus. Päivitystiivistelm