Prevalencia de ictericia neonatal y los factores de riesgo asociados entre bebés nacidos en el Hospital Westend en Harare, Zimbawe

Objective: The main objective of this study was to determine the prevalence and risk factors of neonatal jaundice in babies born at Westend Hospital in Zimbabwe between January and December 2021. Methods:  This was an analytical cross sectional study where secondary data were analyzed in a retrospective manner. The study was carried out at Westend Hospital in Harare in year 2021.  Out of 1172   babies delivered only 611 babies were qualified and included in this study, we excluded all the other maternity and babies on medication except those on Nevirapine   Case notes of babies admitted from January 2021 to December 2021 were retrieved through information on bio data. Using convenient sampling, 611 babies were suitable for this study, we assessed their demographic, clinical outcome and laboratory data .Descriptive statistics was used in addition. Maternal and fetal risk factors were assessed using Chi square test P< 0.05 as statistically significant. Results: This study showed that 281 babies presented with neonatal jaundice resulting in 45.99% prevalence rate. Chi square test found significant relationships between the predisposing risk factors and neonatal jaundice. Significant risk factors for neonatal jaundice were birth weight (p=<0.0001), prematurity (p=<0.001), neonatal gender (p=0.028), blood group incompatibility (p=<0.001) and low birth weight (p=0.044). Conclusions:  The prevalence of neonatal jaundice was found to be high and risk factors were predominantly demographic, maternal and neonatal.Introducción: La ictericia neonatal es una afección frecuente en todo el mundo, se presenta hasta en el 60% de los recién nacidos sanos a término y en el 80% de los prematuros durante la primera semana de vida. Sus factores de riesgo son principalmente demográficos, maternos y neonatales, sobre los que actualmente se carece de datos suficientes en Zimbabue. Objetivo: El objetivo del presente informe fue determinar la prevalencia y los factores de riesgo en torno a la ictericia neonatal entre bebés nacidos en el Hospital Westend de Zimbabue durante 2021. Métodos:  Se trata de un estudio transversal analítico sobre datos secundarios del año 2021.  De los 1172 recién nacidos, sólo 611 cumplieron los criterios de inclusión para este estudio. Se excluyeron todos los recién nacidos medicados y las mujeres embarazadas menores de 18 años.  Las notas sobre los casos de los bebés ingresados entre enero y diciembre de 2021 se recuperaron a través de la información de los datos biológicos. Mediante un muestreo conveniente, se seleccionaron 611 recién nacidos para el estudio, se evaluaron sus datos demográficos, clínicos y de laboratorio y se utilizó estadística descriptiva. Se evaluaron los factores de riesgo maternos y fetales y se consideró estadísticamente significativo un valor de P < 0.05. Resultados: Este estudio mostró que 281 recién nacidos presentaron ictericia neonatal, lo que supone una tasa de prevalencia del 45.99%. Hubo una relación significativa entre los factores de riesgo predisponentes y la ictericia neonatal, incluido el bajo peso al nacer (p=<0.0001), la prematuridad (p=<0.0001), el sexo neonatal (p=0.028) y la incompatibilidad de grupo sanguíneo (p=<0,001), deficiencia de G6PD (p=0.001), raza negra (p<0.0001), diabetes materna (p<0.0001), falta de lactancia materna y antecedentes de ictericia en la familia (p<0.002). Conclusiones:  Se observó que la prevalencia de ictericia neonatal era elevada y que los factores de riesgo eran predominantemente demográficos, maternos y neonatales. Palabras clave: Neonatal, Ictericia, Riesgo, Materna, Prevalencia

The Specifics of the Internationalization Process of Czech SMEs in the Food Industry

The aim of this paper is to define the specifics of the internationalization process of Czech small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in the food industry. The food industry is the largest manufacturing sector in the EU which consists mainly of SMEs. However, in the Czech Republic it has to face increasing imports of foreign food products because of growing globalization, while exports lag behind. Thus, enterprises should be encouraged to internationalize in a greater extent to maintain their competitiveness. The paper explores the main motives, barriers and risks involved in internationalization as perceived by these enterprises. The results are based on primary data obtained by questionnaire surveys performed among Czech food industry SMEs, thus it is based on data about SME's real experiences and perception of interntaionalization process. According to our results, Czech SMEs from food industry are driven to internationalize mainly by their efforts to grow or by unsolicited foreign demand for their product. However, as the biggest barriers are perceived those connected with the lack of knowledge about foreign market and administrative requirements. The identified motives and barriers are compared with results of similar researches from Slovakia and Poland. Moreover, the results of Czech SMEs risk perception in internationalization are depicted in risk matrix which assess not only the effect of risk but also the possibility of its occurrence.O

Institutional Export Barriers on Exporters from Emerging Markets: Evidence from China

The emerging markets have become the increasingly important trading nations in the global economy. Given its significance to practitioners and policymakers, export barriers has been the popular topic in the international business studies. However, research about export barriers caused by the local institutions are under developed, though institutional voids and institutional inefficiency are reported as the major determinants for business development in emerging markets. This paper aims to fill in this gap by exploring the institutional export barriers in emerging markets. Based on existing studies on export barriers and institutional perspective, a conceptual framework is initially developed by separating formal and informal institutional export barriers. Then three specific institutional export barriers are identified, including government policy, weak legal system and informal and personal networks. In the meanwhile, this paper sheds light on how the institutional export barriers are developed and obstruct exporting in emerging markets

Export barriers and path to internationalization: a comparison of conventional enterprises and international new ventures

Twenty years after the seminal work on rapid and early internationalization, export barrier research remains detached from this path of internationalization. Thus far, export research has largely disregarded the relationship between path to internationalization and the influence of export constraints. This paper opens a new thoroughfare of inquiry by distinguishing international new ventures from conventional enterprises on the basis of the export barrier construct. Using a sample of 129 small multinational enterprises, our logistic regression model separates international new ventures from conventional enterprises, with accuracy approaching 80 % on the basis of eight underlying export barrier factors. Our results convey two dynamic implications: In the realm of export research, we demonstrate that export barriers can indeed predict the path to internationalization. Thus, gradual internationalization is induced by skill and knowledge shortages, while rapid internationalization ensues from positive managerial orientation and lack of confidence in the host market. From a policymaking perspective, this study provides a basis for predicting the international new venture-to-conventional enterprise ratio within the population as well as an instructive basis for needs-based targeting of incentives

Cognitive or Affective? A longitudinal exploratory study on the drivers and theoretical underpinnings of perceived export barriers for New Zealand firms

The firm-specific and economy-wide benefits of exporting are well-documented in international marketing research. Not only do New Zealand firms owe their long-term survival to international competitiveness, New Zealand cannot grow her economy without superior performance in the tradable sector. Research to stimulate firm-level export success has thus focused on two overarching questions. What prohibits ‘export ready’ firms from venturing abroad? What inhibits current exporters from expanding and growing their operations? The two research questions share a common answer; perceived export barriers. There exists four decades of empirical research to suggest that certain structural, instititutional, infrastructural, informational and attitudinal constraints prevent, or at the very least, discourage firm-level export performance. Further, research has also illustrated that it is more feasible to craft strategies for improving the performance of current exporters than it is to persuade domestic-only ventures to partake in exporting. One of the most effective ways for improving firm-level export success involves reducing the influence of perceived export barriers. However, to date, such efforts have had limited impetus because research has adopted a cross-sectional view on the export development challenge. To paint a more informative picture of the export development undertaking, we employ a longitudinal two-period comparison. Our research design involves administering an identical survey instrument to the the same working population of manufacturing exporters, in two waves of data collection set 15 years apart. We construct cognitive and emotive hypotheses by drawing links between changes in the operating environment and the influence of export barriers through time. Subsequent analysis unambiguously illustrates that the influence of perceived export barriers is evolutionary and appears to shift in sympathy with the changes in the firm’s operating environment. These results are fundamental because they signify that the export development challenge has changed markedly since 1995. While break-throughs in information and communication technology and increased integration of markets and trading systems, have been instrumental in reducing knowledge and informational barriers, New Zealand exporters still have to contend with internal resource constraints and legal and political obstacles both at home and abroad. This thesis carries substantial implications; From a scholarly perspective, this is the first study to adopt a longitudinal research design to predict change in export barrier perception over time. More importantly, the thesis infers the existence of both a cognitive and an emotive dimension in the influence of export barriers. At a managerial level, we argue the need for export strategies to continue to migrate from a selling to marketing approach. Finally, from a policy-making standpoint, we propose the imperative for export development stimuli to ‘move with the times’ because need-based schemes that were effective 15 years ago, evidently carry insufficient impetus today

Context in international business: Entrepreneurial internationalization from a distant small open economy

Context matters in International Business, but to what extent does it influence the content of knowledge? This study offers a systematic literature review on the internationalization of New Zealand firms. A geographically isolated small open economy (SMOPEC) with audacious trade aspirations, a strong domestic institutional environment, favorable attitude toward trade, and entrepreneurial small-to-medium size enterprises (SMEs), New Zealand provides an enlightening context to study internationalization. Using a sample of 95 studies, the review identifies antecedents, stimuli, capabilities, strategy, process and outcomes underpinning internationalizing New Zealand firms (INZFs). Context matters but not in the manner anticipated. On one hand research on the internationalization of New Zealand firms is largely congruent with extant knowledge, on the other the New Zealand context shapes uniquely, how and what scholars choose to research

Firm-level factors associated with export performance

The conceptualization and operationalization challenges which Tookey (1964) highlighted, in a pioneering study on export performance, persist to this day. We attempt to improve the prediction and measurement of export performance by revisiting the role of firm demographics. Premising our propositions on internationalization theories, we test the explanatory power of size and experience against two indicants of performance. Our results suggest that export intensity and exports per capita constitute different objective scales of measurement. This study also illustrates that firm factors and measures of export performance take new connotations when modeled separately for conventional enterprises and international new ventures. The study adds to an emerging stream of literature linking export performance to the path(s) of internationalization