A Pandemics Treaty: A Boon for Africa

This article illustrates the weaknesses of the current global health framework. It highlights two pillars a new treaty regime ought to be built upon. The analysis seeks to establish how these pillars could have helped Africa during the pandemic and can indeed help Africa in future pandemics. The analysis suggests the need for a unified global health regime or pandemics’ treaty that promotes a level legal and political playing field regarding future pandemics. The treaty could focus on coordination of research and development; build a stronger global framework that reinforces legal obligations and norms; provide for universal access to medicines, vaccines, and medical infrastructure

The Geochemical Compositions and Origin of Sand Dunes in the Olduvai Gorge–Eastern Serengeti Plains, Northern Tanzania

This paper reports the composition and origin of black sand dunes that occur in the eastern Serengeti plains near the Olduvai Gorge hominid site in Tanzania. Grain size analysis reflected light microscopic examination, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis identified very fine to coarse sand fraction mineral grains of between 0.065 mm and 1 mm, composed of augite, fassaite and omphacite pyroxenes; garnet and sillimanite silicate mineral grains. The pyroxene minerals (augite, omphacite and fassaite) constitute 95.4% by volume of the sand dunes. The other mineral grains are silicate minerals that include garnet and sillimanite, together form the remaining 4.6% by volume. Major and trace elements of the sand dunes as analyzed by inductively coupled plasma – atomic emission spectrometer (ICP-AES) show natro-carbonatite geochemistry of up to 7.38wt.% Na2O and 5.0wt.% CaO. Also the sand dunes are rich in SiO2 (47.37wt.%), Al2O3 (11.22wt.%), Fe2O3 (12.51wt.%) and MgO (8.45wt.%). Trace elements include 15.20 ppm Cu, 17.90 ppm Co, 146.7 ppm Zn, 121.20 ppm Cr and 29.30 ppm Ni. This geochemical composition of the Olduvai Gorge sand dunes resembles the composition of volcanic rocks from Oldoinyo Lengai volcanic eruption; suggesting that the sand dunes originated from the Holocene Oldoinyo Lengai volcanism located about 100 km east of the area. Keywords: Geochemical analysis; major elements; Oldoinyo Lenga;, Olduvai Gorge; pyroxenes; trace element

A Pandemics Treaty: A Boon for Africa

This article illustrates the weaknesses of the current global health framework. It highlights two pillars a new treaty regime ought to be built upon. The analysis seeks to establish how these pillars could have helped Africa during the pandemic and can indeed help Africa in future pandemics. The analysis suggests the need for a unified global health regime or pandemics’ treaty that promotes a level legal and political playing field regarding future pandemics. The treaty could focus on coordination of research and development; build a stronger global framework that reinforces legal obligations and norms; provide for universal access to medicines, vaccines, and medical infrastructure

Assessment of the extent in which Pastoralism can contribute to the Improvement of quality of life of Communities In Tanzania. The Case of Olkesmet Simanjiro District

The Main Focus of the Study Which Was Conducted in Simanjiro District was the Assessment of the extent in which Pastoralism can contribute to the Improvement of quality of life of Communities in Tanzania. The Case of Olkesmet Simanjiro District” The study was necessited by the need to assist the pastoralists in Simanjiro to increase their income and have their development. This study aimed at collecting information and data with regards to causes and magnitude of the problem, contributing factors and community’s opinion and recommendations which would equip decision makers with practical information useful for decision making process. On the other hand the study focused on helping the raise knowledge and skills to increase financial gains from beef and milk and be able to use available opportunities to act on their own to improve their life. The Research methodology applied involves the application of various techniques of data collection. These include questionnaire interview, formal and informal discussion, focus group discussion and participatory observation. The findings show that there is no bigger difference between the genders of the respondents. This shows that the researcher observed the issue of gender to avoid a biased conclusion resulting from being gender sensitive. Gender is a very crucial characteristic, which can have a greater influence on the ownership of resources in pastoral community. It was also significant to study gender because among of the characteristic of the political structure of the pastoral society is that the responsibilities are distributed according to gender. Also The findings imply that pastoralists have great opportunities to expand and diversify their economy but this was constrained by poor market information which leads them to get low income and lack of market outlets to sell their products in a reasonable amount. It is upon this reason that the majority 42(70%) of the respondents 21.7 totaling 91.7% agree on this argumen