33 research outputs found

    Constructing Memory through Television in Argentina

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    La televisiรณn representa el pasado reciente de la Argentina a travรฉs de vรญnculos especรญficos con la memoria social: como un โ€œemprendedor de la memoriaโ€ definiendo las agendas pรบblicas, como un vehรญculo de transmisiรณn intergeneracional sobre el pasado y como un creador de significados por medio de imรกgenes, sonidos y palabras, esto es, un โ€œescenario para la memoriaโ€. Un anรกlisis de los vรญnculos entre televisiรณn y memorias, construido alrededor de la desapariciรณn forzada de personas durante la dictadura militar de 1976 a 1983, revela la manera compleja en la cual los obstรกculos para relatar ese periodo trรกgico se combinan con el intento de vender un producto y entretener al espectador.Television represents Argentinaโ€™s recent past through three specific links with social memory: as an โ€œentrepreneur of memory,โ€ shaping public agendas, as a vehicle of intergenerational transmission of past events, and as a creator of meaning through images, sounds, and words, a โ€œstage for memoryโ€. An analysis in terms of the links between television and the memories constructed around the forced disappearance of persons during the 1976โ€“1983 military dictatorship reveals the complex way in which the obstacles when narrating an extreme experience are combined with the attempt to sell a product and entertain the spectator.Fil: Feld, Claudia Viviana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientรญficas y Tรฉcnicas. Oficina de Coordinaciรณn Administrativa Parque Centenario. Centro de Investigaciones Sociales. Instituto de Desarrollo Econรณmico y Social. Centro de Investigaciones Sociales; Argentin

    Late 1920s film theory and criticism as a test-case for Benjaminโ€™s generalizations on the experiential effects of editing

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    This article investigates Walter Benjaminโ€™s influential generalization that the effects of cinema are akin to the hyper-stimulating experience of modernity. More specifically, I focus on his oft-cited 1935/36 claim that all editing elicits shock-like disruption. First, I propose a more detailed articulation of the experience of modernity understood as hyper-stimulation and call for distinguishing between at least two of its subsets: the experience of speed and dynamism, on the one hand, and the experience of shock/disruption, on the other. Then I turn to classical film theory of the late 1920s to demonstrate the existence of contemporary views on editing alternative to Benjaminโ€™s. For instance, whereas classical Soviet and Weimar theorists relate the experience of speed and dynamism to both Soviet and classical Hollywood style editing, they reserve the experience of shock/disruption for Soviet montage. In order to resolve the conceptual disagreement between these theorists, on the one hand, and Benjamin, on the other, I turn to late 1920s Weimar film criticism. I demonstrate that, contrary to Benjaminโ€™s generalizations about the disruptive and shock-like nature of all editing, and in line with other theoristsโ€™ accounts, different editing practices were regularly distinguished by comparison to at least two distinct hyper-stimulation subsets: speed and dynamism, and shock-like disruption. In other words, contemporaries regularly distinguished between Soviet montage and classical Hollywood editing patterns on the basis of experiential effects alone. On the basis of contemporary reviews of city symphonies, I conclude with a proposal for distinguishing a third subset โ€“ confusion. This is an original manuscript / preprint of an article published by Taylor & Francis in Early Popular Visual Culture on 02 Aug 2016 available online: https://doi.org/10.1080/17460654.2016.1199322

    ์‹ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ์‘์šฉํ•œ ์˜ํ™”๋ถ„์„

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    ์˜ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋…ผํ•  ๋•Œ๋Š” ์˜ํ™”๊ธฐ์ˆ ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จํ•œ ์ฝ”๋“œ, ์˜ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์—ฐ๊ทน๊ณผ ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ฝ”๋“œ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฌธํ™”์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ์ •๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๊ณ  ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ ์ธ ์ง€์‹์„ ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ฝ”๋“œ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์˜ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์˜์‹์ ์œผ๋กœ๋“  ๋ฌด์˜์‹์ ์œผ๋กœ๋“  ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ ์ธ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ๊ด€๊ณ„ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•  ๋•Œ, ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์€ ์„œ์‚ฌ, ์ฃผ์ œ, ๋ชจํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ ์ฐจ์›์—์„œ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ํ˜•์‹๊ธฐํ˜ธํ•™์˜ ์ฐจ์›์—์„œ๋„ ์˜ํ™”ํ…์ŠคํŠธ์˜ ๋ฐ€์ ‘ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š”๋‹ค. ์†Œ์œ„ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” "์—ญ์‚ฌ์ ์ธ ๋งฅ๋ฝ"์€ ํ…์ŠคํŠธ ์ž์ฒด ๋‚ด์— ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์—ญ์‚ฌ์„ฑ์„ ๋ฐฐ์ œํ•œ ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ์˜ ๊ด€์ , ์ œ์Šค์ฒ˜, ๋Œ€์‚ฌ๋Š” ์กด์žฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค., ํ”„๋ฆฌ์ธ  ๋ž‘์˜ ์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ์œ ์„ฑ์˜ํ™”์ธ (1931)์—์„œ๋Š” ์•ž์„œ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•œ 3๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ฝ”๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์„œ๋กœ ๊ธด๋ฐ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ ๋งบ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜๊ณ  10์ดˆ ๋™์•ˆ ์น ํ‘๊ฐ™์€ ์–ด๋‘ ๋งŒ์ด ๋‚ด๋น„์นœ ํ›„ ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์Šคํฌ๋ฆฐ์— ๋“ค์–ด์˜ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์›์„ ์ด๋ฃจ๊ณ  ์„œ ์žˆ๋Š” ์•„์ด๋“ค์ด ๋…ธ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋ฉฐ ์ž„์˜์˜ ์•„์ด๋ฅผ ์›์—์„œ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์ด๋‹ค. ์•„์ด๋“ค์˜ ๋…ธ๋ž˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”์ด๋งˆ๋ฅด ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ํšกํšกํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋Œ€์ค‘์—ฐ์‡„์‚ด์ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง‘๋‹จ์ ์ธ ๊ณตํฌ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์‚ด์ธ๊ณผ ์ผ์ƒ๋ฌธํ™”์˜ ์—ฐ๊ด€๋„ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋„์‹œ(๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ, ๋ฒ”์ฃ„์ž ์ง‘๋‹จ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋™์›๋œ ์‹œ๋ฏผ๋“ค)๊ฐ€ ์ƒˆ ํฌ์ƒ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์˜ค๊ธฐ ์ „์— ์œ ์•„ ์‚ดํ•ด๋ฒ”์„ ๋ถ™์žก๋Š”๋ฐ ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ธ๊ฐ€? ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ๋กœ ์น˜๋ฉด '์„œ๊ณก'์ด๋ผ ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ์˜ํ™”์˜ ์ฒ˜์Œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์—์„œ๋Š” ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์•”์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋“ค์ด ๋งŽ์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋‘ ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋™์ • ์—†์ด ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋งŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ž…์žฅ๋„ ํ‘œ๋ช…ํ•œ๋‹ค. UFA์˜ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๋ฌด์„ฑ์˜ํ™”๋“ค์ด ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ฃผ์˜์  ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋†’์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์Œ์•…์ ์ธ ์—ฌํฅ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ๋ž‘์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ฃผ๋„ํ•˜๋Š” ์˜ํ™”์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ ์ž์ฒด๋ฅผ ์˜๋ฌธ์‹œํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์˜ํ™” ์—์„œ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€์— ๋งž์„œ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ํ™œ์šฉํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ '๋ณด๋Š” ํ–‰์œ„'์™€ '๊ฐ€์‹œ์„ฑ'์ž์ฒด์ด๋‹ค. ์˜ํ™”์ œ์ž‘์ž ๋ž‘์ด ์ง€๋‹Œ ํƒ์›”ํ•จ์€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋ฒ”์ฃ„์˜ํ™”์ด๋ฉด์„œ ํƒ์ •์˜ํ™”์ธ ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์˜ํ™”์ด๋ก ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จํ•œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ๋“ค์„ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š”๋ฐ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์ด ์žฅ๋ฅด์—์„œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ฐ€์‹œ์ ์ธ (๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋“ค์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”) ๊ธฐํ˜ธ๋“ค์„ ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ฝ์–ด๋‚ด๋Š” ์ž‘์—…์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ์˜ํ™” ๋ถ„์„์€ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ์žฅ์†Œ์—์„œ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์  ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์‹œํ™”ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋งค์ฒด๋“ค๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ์ง์ ‘์ ์ด๊ณ  ๊ฐ๊ฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฒดํ—˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ํ˜„์‹ค์— ๋‹ค๊ฐ€๊ฐ€๊ฒŒ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์˜ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•  ๋•Œ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ์—ญ์‚ฌ์™€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ˜• ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ ๋ฏธํ•™์ ์ธ ๋ณตํ•ฉ์„ฑ์˜ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ๊ทธ ์‹œ๋Œ€ ์—ฐ๊ทน์ž‘ํ’ˆ๊ณผ ์†Œ์„ค๋“ค์— ๋’ค์ง€์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ์•„์šธ๋Ÿฌ ์˜ํ™”๋ถ„์„์€ ์˜ํ™”์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ์™ธ์—๋„ ์˜ํ™”์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋งค์ฒด์™€ ์˜ˆ์ˆ ์˜์—ญ, ์ฆ‰ ์—ฐ๊ทน, ๊ฑด์ถ•, ์Œ์•…๊ณผ ๋ฌธํ•™์„ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋ณธ์—ฐ์˜ ๊ณผ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งํ•ด์„œ ํ•œ ํŽธ์˜ ๊ทน์˜ํ™”๋Š” ๋ฌธํ•™๊ณผ ๋Œ€๋ฆฝ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ฌธํ•™์„ ํ•„์š”๋กœ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์„œ์‚ฌ์™€ ์—ฐ๊ธฐ์— ๊ทผ๊ฑฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ํ•ญ์ƒ ๋ฌธํ•™๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ทน์„ ํฌ๊ด„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค

    ์‹ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ฃผ์˜

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    ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ๋ฌธํ•™๋น„ํ‰๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก ์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์‹  ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ๋…ผํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‹  ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ฃผ์˜๋Š” ์Šคํ‹ฐ๋ธ ๊ทธ๋ฆฐ๋ธ”๋ž˜ํŠธ๋ฅผ ์‹œ์กฐ๋กœ ๋ฒ„ํด๋ฆฌ ๋Œ€ํ•™์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ „ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์— ํ™•์‚ฐ๋˜, ์ตœ๊ทผ ๋‚˜์˜จ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ฃผ๋ชฉ์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก ์ด๋‹ค. ์‹  ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ฃผ์˜๋Š” ๋ฌธํ•™๊ณผ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์˜ ๋Œ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹œํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๋ฌธํ•™์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์„ฑ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์˜ ํ…์ŠคํŠธ์„ฑ์„ ์ฃผ์š” ์ฃผ์ œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฃฌ๋‹ค. ์‹  ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ฃผ์˜๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์‹ ๋น„ํ‰์— ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์„ฑ์„ ์ค‘์‹œํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋…์ผ์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ฃผ์˜์™€ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ํ…์ŠคํŠธ ํ•ด์„์„ ์ค‘์‹œํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‹  ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ฃผ์˜๋Š” ํ‘ธ์ฝ”์™€ ๊ธฐ์–ด์ธ ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋งŽ์ด ๋ฐ›์•˜๊ณ  ๋ฌธํ•™์˜ ์ธ๋ฅ˜ํ•™์  ์ „ํ™˜์ด๋ผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•ด์„์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ด ๋˜๋Š” ํ…์ŠคํŠธ์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„๋ฅผ ์˜ํ™”, ๊ทธ๋ฆผ ๊ธฐ๋…๋น„, ์ œ์˜ ๋ฐ ๊ทธ ์™ธ ๋‹ด๋ก ๋“ค๋กœ ํ™•์žฅํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ๋ฌธํ•™ํ…์ŠคํŠธ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์™€ ์™ธ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์‹ผ ์žฌํ˜„์˜ ์ˆœํ™˜์„ ์ฃผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ ์—์„œ ๋ฒค์•ผ๋ฏผ๊ณผ ์œ ์‚ฌ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ตœ๊ทผ์—๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ๋…์ผ๋ฌธํ•™์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ ์ถœํŒ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค

    A new cultural history of film

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