Tumor markers of bladder cancer : the schistosomal bladder tumors versus non-schistosomal bladder tumors.

Background: The aim of this study is to comparatively elucidate the underlying molecular pathways and clinicopathological criteria in schistosomal bladder tumor (SBT) versus non-schistosomal bladder tumor (NSBT). Methods: This study explored the role of p53, p16, bcl-2, ki-67, c-myc, Rb and EGFR, by using Immunohistochemistry assay, in 45 SBT and 39 NSBT patients in comparison with 16 schistosomal chronic cystitis (SC), 28 non-schistosomal chronic cystitis (NSC), and 20 normal control (CTL) subjects. The studied markers in SBT and NSBT were correlated with different clinicopathological criteria namely, tumor histopathology, grading, invasiveness, stage, and presentation of the disease. Results: SBT was associated with high grade invasive squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) while NSBT was associated with lower grade less invasive transitional cell carcinoma (TCC). The expression of p53, bcl-2, c-myc, and EGFR was higher in SBT than in NSBT while Rb was higher in NSBT than in SBT. However, p16 and ki-67 were not different between SBT and NSBT. The profile of molecular markers in SC was similar to NSC except for EGFR which was higher in SC than in NSC. Both SC and NSC showed higher level of p53, bcl-2, ki-67, and EGFR than in CTL group while p16, Rb, and c-myc were not different. p53 was associated with high grade SCC in both SBT and NSBT. Bcl-2 was associated with high grade invasive tumors in SBT and NSBT. P16 was associated with low grade, late stage, and recurrent SBT and high grade, invasive, late stage, and recurrent NSBT. Rb was associated with SCC in SBT, invasive tumors in NSBT, and late stage and recurrent presentation in both SBT and NSBT. C-myc was associated with high grade, invasive, and late stage SBT and SCC, high grade, invasive, and late stage NSBT. EGFR was associated with invasive SCC in SBT and invasive, high grade, and late stage TCC in NSBT. ki-67 was associated with invasive SBT and high grade late stage NSBT. Conclusion: SBT and NSBT showed distinct molecular profile of tumor development and progression which can be taken into consideration in fine adjusting the anti-cancer therapy for SBT and NSBT

Genetic Variation of Trichomonas vaginalis Isolates from Iraqi Women: Association with Fertility and Cervical Abnormalities

الخلفية/ الهدف: داء المشعرات المهبلية هو واحد من أكثر الأمراض غير الفيروسية المنقولة جنسيا, يسببه طفيلي Trichomonas vaginalis. لا يعرف سوى القليل عن التنوع الوراثي والهيكل المعيشي لهذا الطفيلي. هدفت هذه الدراسة إلى تحديد التنوع الوراثي لعزلات طفيلي المشعرات المهبلية وارتباطه بالخصوبة وتشوهات عنق الرحم. الأساليب: تم تعيين مجموعة من 154 امرأة عراقية ممن يراجعن قسم الولادة والامراض النسائية في عدد من مستشفيات محافظة بغداد خلال الفترة من شباط 2013 إلى نيسان 2014 ، لهذه الدراسة. تم استخراج الحمض النووي لعزلات الطفيلي من مزروع المسحات المهبلية. تم إجراء طريقة التنميط التتابعي المتعدد المواقع (MLST) لستة من الجينات المرجعية لدراسة التغيرات الجينية. النتائج: ثلاث وخمسون امرأة (34.41 ٪) قد أعطت نتيجة موجبة للأصابة بالطفيلي T.vaginalis. أظهرت طريقة MLST وجود اليلات مختلفة. وكان للمورث glut أعلى درجة من التغايرات بين المورثات الستة. الاستنتاج: يمكن الاستنتاج أن التنوع الوراثي في ​​الكائن الحي نفسه في عزلات العراق ، يمكن أن يرتبط بالنتائج السريرية. هناك حاجة إلى مزيد من الدراسات MLST لمقارنة عدد أكبر من العزلات من مختلف المواقع ودراسة الطفرات المحددة في المورثات المرجعية لنساء  اللاتي يعانين من العقم ومن تشوهات عنق الرحم. الكلمات المفتاحية: طفيلي المشعرات المهبلية. التغاير الوراثي, الخصوبة, تشوهات عنق الرحم, طريقة التنميط التتابعي المتعدد المواقع.Background: Trichomoniasis, is one of the most common non-viral sexually transmitted diseases caused by the parasite Trichomonas vaginalis. Little is known about the genetic diversity and population structure of this parasite. This study aimed to determine the genetic diversity of T. vaginalis isolated from Iraqi women and its association with the fertility and the cervical abnormalities. Methods: Overall, 154 Iraqi women attending the Gynecology Outpatient departments in Baghdad Province, Iraq from February 2013 to April 2014, were enrolled in this study. DNA of T. vaginalis isolates was extracted from the culture of high vaginal swabs. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) method for six housekeeping genes was done in studying the genetic variations. Results: Fifty-three women (34.41%) were positive for T. vaginalis. MLST method resulted in different alleles. With glutaminase gene, the highest degree of variation was found among the six genes. Conclusion: The genetic diversity in the organism itself in Iraqi isolates can associate with clinical outcome. Further MLST studies are needed to compare a larger number of isolates from different localities and correlate the certain mutations in housekeeping genes to infertile women and patients with cervical abnormalities

Severity of asthma: the role of CD25+,CD30+, NF-κB, and apoptotic markers

Objectives: We studied the role of the regulatory T cells CD4+CD25+ (Treg) and activated CD4+CD30+ cells in the pathogenesis of asthma and their association with apoptosis and NF-κB in patients with mild intermittent asthma (MA), severe persistent asthma (SA), and healthy volunteers (HV). Methods: Peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) were extracted from asthmatic patients during exacerbations, and CD4+ cells were separated using Dynal beads. Immunostaining of whole PBL for NF-κB, Bax, and Bcl-2, and immunostaining of CD4+ cells for CD25+ and CD30+ cells were performed using immunocytochemistry. Results: Treg cells were expressed at higher levels in MA than in HV and SA (P.05). Levels of NF-κB, Bcl-2, and Bcl-2/Bax increased, whereas those of Bax decreased, progressively, from MA to SA (P<.05). NF-κB levels correlated directly with the Bcl-2/Bax ratio and with CD4+CD30+ cells in SA and MA, whereas CD4+CD30+ cells correlated inversely with the Bcl-2/Bax ratio. Conclusions: Unregulated Treg cells probably return inflammatory responses to normal values during exacerbations in MA; however, expression of Treg cells was extensively diminished in SA, leading to probable loss of suppressive control over underlying immune reactions. CD4+CD30+ cells were associated with the pathogenesis of asthma but not with severity. NF-κB seems to be the central inflammatory factor in SA, with a remarkable loss of PBL apoptosis, diminished Treg levels, and high CD30+ cell levels that probably induce NF-κB, which in turn blocks the proapoptotic potential of CD30 induction itself

Role of anti-inflammatory interleukin 10 in asymptomatic heartworm infection (Dirofilariasis) in dogs

Background: Dirofilaria immitis causes heartworm disease (HWD), a vector-borne zoonotic disease that primarily affects dogs and cats. Occasionally, human beings were reported to be infected as well. The current study aims to discover the asymptomatic dirofilariasis infection in dogs. In addition, to determine the prevalence of heartworm disease and the role of anti-inflammatory interleukin 10 (IL10) in developing the disease. Household dogs were selected from 10 veterinary clinics throughout Basrah, south of Iraq.Methods: The study included 117 dogs older than 12 months, none of them had received heartworm vaccinations, and all of them lived in their owners’ houses for at least 9 months. Animal ethics instructions were followed after the owner’s consent was obtained.  Physical and biochemical examinations were conducted including the examination of circulating antigens of microfilaria. The levels of anti-inflammatory IL10 and pro-inflammatory IL17, IL4, and IFN-γ were measured using ELISA tests. Descriptive statistics were used to evaluate the prevalence and the clinical and immunological results of the study.Results: Canine heartworm disease prevalence was 29.05% (34 out of 117). The physical examination showed normal vital signs for both infected and non-infected dogs. A significant elevation in the total WBC count was noticed in the infected group.  On the other hand, a significant decrease in RBCs count and hemoglobin was found in the infected group. There were neither changes in the platelet count nor the liver enzymes concentration between infected and non-infected groups.  A significant increase in anti-inflammatory interleukin 10 level and a significant decrease in pro-inflammatory IL17, IL4, and IFN-γ were noticed in the infected dogs. Conclusion: It is concluded that dirofilariasis infection is considered to be a serious life-threatening disease for dogs in Iraq. Therefore, a periodic test for heartworm infection every six months is recommended to eradicate heartworm infestations. The infected animals must be treated according to the American Heartworm Association recommendations

One Parameter Composite Semigroups of Linear Bounded Operators in Strong Operator Topology of Schatten Class Cp

For semigroups of linear bounded operators on Hilbert spaces, the problem of being in Cp , 0 Keyword

Novel Deep Feature Fusion Framework for Multi-Scenario Violence Detection

Detecting violence in various scenarios is a difficult task that requires a high degree of generalisation. This includes fights in different environments such as schools, streets, and football stadiums. However, most current research on violence detection focuses on a single scenario, limiting its ability to generalise across multiple scenarios. To tackle this issue, this paper offers a new multi-scenario violence detection framework that operates in two environments: fighting in various locations and rugby stadiums. This framework has three main steps. Firstly, it uses transfer learning by employing three pre-trained models from the ImageNet dataset: Xception, Inception, and InceptionResNet. This approach enhances generalisation and prevents overfitting, as these models have already learned valuable features from a large and diverse dataset. Secondly, the framework combines features extracted from the three models through feature fusion, which improves feature representation and enhances performance. Lastly, the concatenation step combines the features of the first violence scenario with the second scenario to train a machine learning classifier, enabling the classifier to generalise across both scenarios. This concatenation framework is highly flexible, as it can incorporate multiple violence scenarios without requiring training from scratch with additional scenarios. The Fusion model, which incorporates feature fusion from multiple models, obtained an accuracy of 97.66% on the RLVS dataset and 92.89% on the Hockey dataset. The Concatenation model accomplished an accuracy of 97.64% on the RLVS and 92.41% on the Hockey datasets with just a single classifier. This is the first framework that allows for the classification of multiple violent scenarios within a single classifier. Furthermore, this framework is not limited to violence detection and can be adapted to different tasks.</p

Outlook of probable association of TGF-β1, viral load, with levels of some serum biomarkers and their role in the severity of COVID-19 in a sample of Iraqi population

The COVID-19 pandemic remains a rapidly spreading public health emergency with grave consequences. The disease is caused by infection with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2.The current study cohort included an Iraqi population with RT-PCR positive COVID-19 who were divided into two clinical groups: those who were discharged home well (n = 77) and those who required ICU admission/died (n = 23). Here we study, the age and sex on COVID-19 illness with biomarkers: TGF-B, Viral level, LDH, Oxygen prerequisite D-dimer, and CRP, among COVID-19 patients. Data revealed no basic influence of sex introduction on the result. Whereas age of individuals was basically higher P &lt; 0.001 in (required ICU admition /died compared to that of well –discharge patients (38.83±11.74 a long time)). Level of TGF-β1 exposed no significant difference between the two enrolled groups link with viral load and duration. Period conversely had a positive noteworthy relationship with (D-dimer, CRP, LDH. Besides, (D-dimer, LDH, and CRP) levels were on the whole elevated on essentially ICU/admission compared to well-discharged patients group. The middle illness duration in well- released patients were 7.0 days (3-18 days) compared with nine days (6-14 days) in patients required ICU/died with &nbsp;remarkable distinction

Review on Deep Learning Approaches for Anomaly Event Detection in Video Surveillance

In the last few years, due to the continuous advancement of technology, human behavior detection and recognition have become important scientific research in the field of computer vision (CV). However, one of the most challenging problems in CV is anomaly detection (AD) because of the complex environment and the difficulty in extracting a particular feature that correlates with a particular event. As the number of cameras monitoring a given area increases, it will become vital to have systems capable of learning from the vast amounts of available data to identify any potential suspicious behavior. Then, the introduction of deep learning (DL) has brought new development directions for AD. In particular, DL models such as convolution neural networks (CNNs) and recurrent neural networks (RNNs) have achieved excellent performance dealing with AD tasks, as well as other challenging domains like image classification, object detection, and speech processing. In this review, we aim to present a comprehensive overview of those research methods using DL to address the AD problem. Firstly, different classifications of anomalies are introduced, and then the DL methods and architectures used for video AD are discussed and analyzed, respectively. The revised contributions have been categorized by the network type, architecture model, datasets, and performance metrics that are used to evaluate these methodologies. Moreover, several applications of video AD have been discussed. Finally, we outlined the challenges and future directions for further research in the field

Investigations in the molecular events of transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder

Problem Statement: Transitional Cell Carcinoma (TCC) of the bladder is a significant health problem worldwide. The molecular mechanisms of tumor development and progression are complicated but likely involve the interaction of tumor suppressor genes, oncogenes, cell cycle regulatory proteins and other factors. Hence this study tries to explore the role of p53, bcl-2, c-myc and Ki-67 in TCC of the bladder in correlation with different clinicopathological criteria which are tumor grade, muscle invasion by the tumor and disease presentation, primary or recurrent tumor. Approach: Thirty patients with TCC of the bladder were involved in the period from March 2007 - May 2008. Tumors were diagnosed by histopathology and compared with 20 control subjects. The expressions of p53, bcl-2, c-myc and Ki-67 proteins were investigated by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Results: Increased expression of p53 and bcl-2 was associated with tumor grade and muscle invasion (p0.05). C-myc expression was only associated with muscle invasion (p<0.05). Ki-67 was associated with tumor grade, muscle invasion and tumor presentation (p<0.05). The correlation among these cell cycle proteins was generally significantly positive except for the correlation between bcl-2 and c-myc was poor. Conclusions: There was a significant oncogenic role of p53 and bcl-2 on TCC in terms of muscle invasion and tumor grade. C-myc was associated only with tumor invasiveness and Ki-67 proved to act as a reliable prognostic factor of TCC. This could highlight the hot targets of TCC anti-cancer therapy and the reliable targets for disease prognosis