A research on determining the friction losses formed in the small diameter floppy polythene pipe lines

In pressured irrigation systems, water flowing in pipes is stable from the point of view of the hydraulic and it gradually decrease through the pipe lines. In sprinkler irrigation systems, sprinkler head pressure through the pipe line is different due to friction and local losses formed in parts of the pipes between sequent sprinkler heads and the differences resulting from slope. Generally, sprinkler head pressure has a maximum level in the beginning of lateral pipe lines and a minimum level in the end of lateral pipe lines. The velocity of water flow in the pipe line, the diameter and length of the pipe and the friction loses formed as a result of roughness inside the pipe should be known for a good design. The easiest andfastest way is to make use of the values given in the tables or diagrams determined by the equation of Hazen-Williams. However, no data related to floppy polythene (PE) pipes with small diameter is available in the tables and diagrams mentioned. In this study, values relating to friction losses and pressures formed in 10, 20, 30,…, 100 m through the pipe for the without slope in different velocity (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 and 3.0 m s-1) and water flow have been measured and it was found that connection between them using floppy PE pipes (6 bar) with small diameter (Ø20, 25, 32, 40 and 50) have been produced by some plastic companies in Turkey and particularly used in the irrigation systems in landscape areas. Inconclusion, it was stated by the people who worked on the experiment that the parameters obtained could be used

Effects of different irrigation programs on yield and quality parameters of eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) under greenhouse conditions

This study was carried out to determine the effects of different irrigation programs on yield and quality parameters of eggplant under greenhouse conditions, using Class A pan evaporation calculations and different plant-pan coefficients. Irrigation water was applied through drip irrigation method twice a week during the growing period. Irrigation treatments consisted of five plant-pan coefficients (S1: kcp = nonirrigation, S2: kcp = 0.50, S3: kcp = 0.75, S4: kcp = 1.00 and S5: kcp = 1.25). The amount of irrigation water ranged between 95.2 and 238.7 mm among the treatments. Evapotranspiration (ET) values varied from 93.1 to 466.3 mm for the treatments. The highest yield was obtained from the S3 and S4 treatments. A significant polynomial correlation was obtained between the yield and irrigation water, and between the yield and ET (P < 0.01). This indicated that when irrigation water and ET increased, yield also increased to a certain point. However, when the amount of irrigation water exceeded the plant water requirement, eggplant yield decreased. Yield response factor (Ky) was determined as 0.81. Since Ky < 1, eggplants were not sensitive to water deficiency. In addition, the highest water use efficiency (WUE) and irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) values were calculated in the S3 (12.9 kgm-3) and S2 (44.2 kgm-3) treatments, while the lowest WUE and IWUE values were calculated in the S5 (7.9 and 15.5 kgm-3) treatment to which the highest irrigation water was applied. This finding indicated that WUE and IWUE values decreased with the increasing irrigation water and ET. These results suggested that S3 (kcp = 0.75) treatment can be the most appropriate irrigation program for eggplant with higher yield and WUE under greenhouse conditions.Key words: Eggplant, yield response factor, water use efficiency, Class A pan, evapotranspiration

Agricultural Academy

abstract SENYIGIT, U., I. ERDAL, F. OZDEMIR, Z. KUCUKYUMUK and A. KADAYIFCI, 2012. Effects of different irrigation methods on leaf and fruit nutrient concentrations of young apple varieties grafted on M9 rootstock. Bulg. J. Agric. Sci., In this study, it was aimed to compare irrigation methods in terms of nutrient uptake of young apple varieties during two consecutive years. According to obtained results, leaf and fruit nutrient concentrations varied with irrigation methods, generally. Looking at the general nutrient status of plants, no nutritional deficiencies were determined between the irrigation methods. Also, nutrient concentrations of leaf and fruit showed variations with the years. Another important result in this study was that nutrient concentrations of leaf and fruit significantly varied with the variety, generally

Renal and suprarenal insufficiency secondary to familial Mediterranean fever associated with amyloidosis: a case report

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Introduction</p> <p>Familial Mediterranean fever is an autosomal recessive disease that predominantly affects people of the Mediterranean coast. One of the most frequent complications of the disease is amyloidosis. This clinical entity is known as secondary (also called AA) amyloidosis.</p> <p>Case presentation</p> <p>In this report, we describe the case of a 33-year-old Turkish man with familial Mediterranean fever and chronic renal insufficiency. He was admitted to our clinic with symptoms of suprarenal insufficiency. The patient died three months later as a result of cardiac arrest.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Our aim is to make a contribution to the literature by reporting a case of combined insufficiency due to the accumulation of renal and adrenal amyloid in a patient with familial Mediterranean fever, which has very rarely been described in the literature. We hope that adrenal insufficiency, which becomes fatal if not diagnosed and treated rapidly, will come to mind as easily as chronic renal failure in clinical practice.</p

Evapotranspiração e coeficientes de cultivo da beterraba orgânica sob cobertura morta de leguminosa e gramínea.

As práticas agrícolas que maximizam a produtividade e o uso da água são de vital importância para a agricultura. Assim, foram testados três tipos de manejo do solo com objetivo de determinar a evapotranspiração (ETc) e os coeficientes de cultivo (kc) da beterraba. Os tipos de manejo foram a utilização de coberturas mortas vegetais, denominadas capim cameroon (Pennisetum purpureum), gliricídia (Gliricidia sepium) e solo sem cobertura morta em área experimental do SIPA (Sistema Integrado de Produção Orgânica) localizado em Seropédica, Brasil. A lâmina de irrigação foi estimada com base no balanço de água no solo, cujo monitoramento foi realizado com a técnica da TDR. As ETc acumuladas para a cultura da beterraba foram 59,41; 55,31 e 119,62 mm, respectivamente, para capim cameroon, gliricídia e solo sem cobertura morta. A evapotranspiração de referência (ETo) foi obtida por meio do modelo de Penamn-Monteith. Os valores médios de kc obtidos para as fases inicial, média e final de desenvolvimento foram de 0,39; 0,42 e 1,02; 0,79; 0,76 e 1,18; e 0,56; 0,61 e 0,84, respectivamente, para capim cameroon, gliricídia e solo sem cobertura morta. O uso da cobertura do solo com gramínea ou leguminosa minimizou de forma expressiva a demanda hídrica da cultura da beterraba (Beta vulgaris)

Wolfram Syndrome: New Mutations, Different Phenotype

BACKGROUND: Wolfram Syndrome (WS) is an autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by Diabetes Insipidus, Diabetes Mellitus, Optic Atrophy, and Deafness identified by the acronym "DIDMOAD". The WS gene, WFS1, encodes a transmembrane protein called Wolframin, which recent evidence suggests may serve as a novel endoplasmic reticulum calcium channel in pancreatic β-cells and neurons. WS is a rare disease, with an estimated prevalence of 1/550.000 children, with a carrier frequency of 1/354. The aim of our study was to determine the genotype of WS patients in order to establish a genotype/phenotype correlation. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We clinically evaluated 9 young patients from 9 unrelated families (6 males, 3 females). Basic criteria for WS clinical diagnosis were coexistence of insulin-treated diabetes mellitus and optic atrophy occurring before 15 years of age. Genetic analysis for WFS1 was performed by direct sequencing. Molecular sequencing revealed 5 heterozygous compound and 3 homozygous mutations. All of them were located in exon 8, except one in exon 4. In one proband only an heterozygous mutation (A684V) was found. Two new variants c.2663 C>A and c.1381 A>C were detected. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Our study increases the spectrum of WFS1 mutations with two novel variants. The male patient carrying the compound mutation [c.1060_1062delTTC]+[c.2663 C>A] showed the most severe phenotype: diabetes mellitus, optic atrophy (visual acuity 5/10), deafness with deep auditory bilaterally 8000 Hz, diabetes insipidus associated to reduced volume of posterior pituitary and pons. He died in bed at the age of 13 years. The other patient carrying the compound mutation [c.409_424dup16]+[c.1381 A>C] showed a less severe phenotype (DM, OA)