Populating the Abyss-Investigating More Efficient Orbits -or- Getting More Miles to the Gallon for Your (Space) Vehicle

Most satellites operating in orbit are spatially distributed in one of the following regions: LEO (below 600 nm and below), MEO (Molniya and GPS), and GEO (synchronous circular). Other than Molniya and a few similar systems, little use has been made of either elliptic orbits or the \u27middle-ground\u27 orbits lying between 600 nm and synchronous altitude. This paper explores the potential for exploiting these less populated regions and demonstrates that analyzing system optimization parametrically may in fact, also dictate an increasing interest in this new territory. A non-dimensional coverage parameter is presented which indicates that the \u27efficiency\u27 of an orbit may indeed be optimized for altitudes between 1000 to 10,000 nm. This factor usually appears to peak at slightly under 2000 nm. Elliptical orbits (requiring less booster energy than circular orbits of like period) can provide better coverage for specific geographical areas of interest by properly locating the apogee and by using repeating ground tracks. Although radiation has been a significant factor, a judicious choice of orbits coupled with advanced technologies to harden electronic circuits and solar cells may alleviate radiation effects. The increasing use of multi-satellite arrays, or constellations, demands that system costs be minimized; an obvious approach is to design for the minimum number of satellites (and boosters) required to satisfy the requirements

Aerospace systems pyrotechnic shock data /ground test and flight/. Volume 6 - Pyrotechnic shock design guidelines manual, revision A Final report, Jun. 1968 - Mar. 1970

Design of structures and equipment to reduce shock loads induced by pyrotechnics and explosive devices - Vol.

Aerospace systems pyrotechnic shock data /ground test and flight/. Volume 4 - Lockheed data and analyses Final report, Jun. 1968 - Mar. 1970

Compilation of shock loads on spacecraft structures produced by actuation of pyrotechnics and explosive devices - Vol.

Evaluation von Nachschulungskursen für verkehrsauffällige LenkerInnen

Anhand der jährlichen Unfallstatistik im Straßenverkehr lässt sich feststellen, dass 15- bis 24-jährige VerkehrsteilnehmerInnen besonders unfallgefährdet sind. Aus diesem Grund sind die gesetzlichen Auflagen für ProbeführerscheinbesitzerInnen in Österreich strenger geregelt als für erfahrene FahrzeuglenkerInnen. Bei Verstoß gegen diese Vorschriften ist ein Nachschulungskurs für verkehrsauffällige LenkerInnen zu absolvieren. Der Gesetzgeber sieht für derartige Kurse eine Wirksamkeitsüberprüfung anhand der Rückfallquoten vor. Da diese derzeit (noch) nicht zur Verfügung stehen, bietet die Führerscheingesetz-Gesundheitsverordnung Anhaltspunkte für alternative Evaluierungskonzepte: durch den Kurs sollen sich die psychische Stabilität und Selbstkontrolle, sowie das soziale Verantwortungsbewusstsein und die Risikobereitschaft der KursteilnehmerInnen in Richtung einer Normanpassung verändern. In der Fachliteratur wird weiters der Einbezug der Variablen „Wissen“ und „Selbstwirksamkeit“ empfohlen. Derzeit sind in Österreich 15 Institute zur Durchführung von Nachschulungen ermächtigt; jedes einzelne verfügt über ein eigenes Nachschulungskonzept. Die vorliegende Untersuchung stützt sich auf Daten der „sicher unterwegs – verkehrspsychologische Nachschulungen GmbH“. Anhand multivariater Analysen konnte festgestellt werden, dass sich die Gruppe verkehrsauffälliger LenkerInnen in den abhängigen Variablen statistisch signifikant (p<.05) von verkehrsunauffälligen Personen in ihrer Altersgruppe unterschied. Weiters wurde nach Absolvierung des Kurses ein signifikanter Rückgang der Risikobereitschaft beobachtet, sowie eine Erhöhung der psychischen Stabilität und der Selbstkontrolle, die mit einem Anwachsen des deliktspezifischen Fachwissens einherging. Auf Basis dieser Ergebnisse kann davon ausgegangen werden, dass die Nachschulungskurse im Sinne der vom Gesetzgeber geforderten Ziele wirksam sind. Einschränkend muss jedoch festgehalten werden, dass die beobachteten Effekte nicht auf alle Nachschulungsmodelle verallgemeinerbar sind, sondern sich deren Aussagekraft, sofern sie wiederholt repliziert werden können, nur auf das Kursprogramm von „sicher unterwegs“ beziehen.The annual statistics of road accidents identify the age group of 15- to 24-year-old participants in road traffic as particularly prone to accidents. For that reason, the legal regulations novice drivers have to abide are more stringent than those for experienced drivers. Any violation of those rules usually leads to the imposition of a driver improvement course. To verify the effectiveness of those programs, Austrian legislation demands continuous evaluative proof through monitoring of relapse rates. As they are not available (yet), “Führerscheingesetz-Gesundheitsverordnung” provides alternative evaluation concepts. According to law tose include an adaption of emotional stability, self-control, social responsibility and risk taking tendencies to a general normative level. Literature suggests an inclusion of the variables “knowledge” and “self-efficacy”. In Austria, 15 institutes of traffic psychology are currently authorized to run driver improvement courses, each using their own training concept. The study at hand is based on data collected from one of those: “sicher unterwegs – Verkehrspsychologische Nachschulungen GmbH”. By conducting multivariate analyses between traffic offenders and rule obeying drivers of the same age group a statistically significant discrepancy (p<.05) was disclosed. Furthermore, a significant decrease of willingness to take risk was observed, and an additional rise of emotional stability and self-control in combination with an increase of delict-specific knowledge. Based on those findings the driver improvement courses can be assumed to be effective regarding their lawfully defined goals. Restrictively, the reported effects must not be generalized for driver improvement course concepts of other institutes; their explanatory power – if replicated – can only be applied to the training program of “sicher unterwegs”

A Bibliometric Study of Authorship and Collaboration Trends Over the Past 30 Years in Four Major Musculoskeletal Science Journals

This study explored changes in bibliometric variables over the last 30 years for four major musculoskeletal science journals (BONE®), Calcified Tissue International® (CTI®), Journal of Bone and Mineral Research® (JBMR®), and Journal of Orthopaedic Research® (JOR®), with a specific focus on author gender. Bibliometric data were collected for all manuscripts in 1985 (BONE®, CTI®, JOR®), 1986 (JBMR®), 1995, 2005, and 2015; 2776 manuscripts met inclusion criteria. Manuscripts from Europe were more often published in BONE® or CTI®, while those from North America in JBMR® or JOR®. All journals demonstrated an increase over time in the number of authors (3.67–7.3), number of countries (1.1–1.4), number of institutions (1.4–3.1), and number of references (25.1–45.4). The number of manuscript pages increased (6.6–8.9) except for JOR® which showed a decline. CTI® had the lowest number of authors (4.9 vs. 5.6–6.8). There was a change in the corresponding author position from first to last for all journals; this change was highest for CTI® (35%) and lowest for BONE® (14.0%). All journals demonstrated an increase over time in female authors; however, CTI® was the highest amongst these four journals. The percentage of female first authors rose from 24.6 to 44.3% (CTI® 29.1–52.3%). The percentage of corresponding female authors rose from 17.5 to 33.6% (CTI® 22.9–40.0%). The proportion of female authors is increasing, likely reflecting the increasing number of women obtaining doctorates in science, medicine, and engineering

Historical Analysis of Bibliometric Trends in the Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics With a Particular Focus on Sex

Background: Orthopaedics is the clinical discipline with the lowest percentage of female residents and faculty. Pediatric orthopaedics has a higher percentage of women than other orthopaedic subspecialties. It was the purpose of this study to examine bibliometric trends in the Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics (JPO) with a specific focus on sex. Methods: A bibliometeric analysis for the years 2015, 2005, 1995, 1985, 1981 was performed. The names of first and corresponding authors; corresponding author position; country of origin; number of institutions, countries, authors, printed pages, and references was tabulated. Author sex was identified for the first and corresponding authors using the “Baby Name Guesser” (www.gpeters.com/names/baby-names.php). A P<0.05 was considered significant. Results: There were 746 publications; 68.7% were from North America. The average number of authors, corresponding author position, collaborating institutions, countries, and number of references increased, whereas the number of printed pages decreased. Asia had the greatest number of authors (4.4), with Australia/New Zealand the fewest (3.4). Sex was determined for 98.3% of the first authors and 98.5% of the corresponding authors. There was a significant increase in the number of female first authors over time (5.9% to 25.6%, P<10−6), especially in Europe and North America. There were significant increase in the number of female corresponding authors over time (5.8% to 17.6%, P=0.000009). There was a significant trend to have a greater percentage of both female first and corresponding authors over time (P=0.0005) with a reverse trend for both male first and corresponding authors (P<10−6). Conclusions: In this study, we noted that the number of female first and corresponding authors in Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics has been steadily increasing. This should result in more female pediatric orthopaedic surgeons in academic faculty positions

Effects of Thrombopoietin (TPO) on Longitudinal Mouse Hind Limb Crush Injury Model

abstractApproximately 645 people suffer from blunt force trauma injury to the femur every day. The recovery time of such injury can last anywhere from 3-6 months. Thrombopoietin (TPO) was used as a growth factor to induce bone and muscle healing. In this study, nine separate mouse groups (10 mice per group) were used: Crush PBS, Crush TPO, Surgery PBS, and Surgery TPO at day 3 and day 17, and controls with no surgery/crush/treatment. Skeletal muscle was harvested from the following sites: experimental impact, experimental adjacent, and normal contralateral skeletal muscle as a control. The muscles were fixed, processed, sectioned, and stained with H&E and Massons Trichrome stains. The slides were reviewed for skeletal muscle injury, muscle necrosis, inflammation, muscle repair, and regeneration. In addition, F4/80, an immunostain for macrophages was performed. On microscopic examination at day 3 the most common histologic changes seen were sporadic muscle fiber vacuolation, focal necrosis of varying sizes, muscle contraction bands, and infiltration of macrophages. On day 17, the skeletal muscle injury was generally healed. The main histologic lesions seen were variable sizes of muscle fibers, early fibroplasia, fat infiltration, some macrophages, satellite cells, and neovascularization. Comparing the TPO treated mice versus the PBS control group, the lesions at both time points were less in the TPO treated mice

Improving Post-Operative Outcomes in Aged and Diabetic Obese Mice

Due to their small size, high metabolic rate, and large surface to volume ratio, mice are a challenge to work with surgically and peri-operatively. Working with mice that are more susceptible to anesthetic agents, aged, or obese (e.g., diabetic mice), provides even more challenges. In two separate studies, we found simple that supportive care measures during and after surgery improved post-operative outcomes

Aerospace systems pyrotechnic shock data - Ground test and flight. Volume 2 - Data Final report, Jun. 1968 - Mar. 1970

Pyrotechnic shock data associated with structure cutting charges consisting of mild detonating fuse and flexible linear shaped charge - Vol.