The effect of reflexology massage and passive music therapy intervention before burn dressing on pain, anxiety level and sleep quality

BACKGROUND: The pain, anxiety, and sleep disorders that burn patients experience due to burn dressing negatively affect their treatment process. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of reflexology massage and passive music therapy intervention before burn dressing on pain, anxiety level and sleep quality. METHODS: This study was a randomized controlled trial. The study sample consisted of 36 patients who were hospitalized in the Burn Center of a University Hospital. After obtaining written consent, patients were enrolled to study according to inclusion criteria and then, divided into Reflexology Massage (n = 12), Reflexology Massage with Passive Music Therapy (n = 12) and Control (n = 12) groups using simple random allocation. In the experimental groups, in addition to standard care, interventions were performed for consecutive three days. Interventions were done before dressing for 40 min in the patient\u27s room. The control group received only standard care during this time. Severity of pain in three groups was measured using Visual Analog Scale twice a day (before dressing change and 2 h after dressing change). Severity of state anxiety and sleep quality in three groups was measured using State Anxiety Scale and Richards-Campbell Sleep Questionnaire once a day (before dressing change). Severity of trait anxiety in three groups was measured using Trait Anxiety Scale for two times (before and after study). The drugs used by the patients for 3 days were recorded in the Opioid and Analgesic Drug Form. Data were analyzed using Pearson Chi-square, Independent Samples T-test, One-Way ANOVA, Bonferroni, Paired Sample T-Test, Repeated Measures ANOVA tests were used. RESULTS: The results showed no significant difference in severity of pain, anxiety, and sleep quality (p \u3e 0,05) between the three groups on the first day. However, the mean pain scores showed a significant difference between the experimental and control groups in the third (p \u3c 0,05) and fourth (p \u3c 0001) days after intervention. Anxiety scores also showed a significant difference between the experimental and control groups on the fourth (p \u3c 0001) day. Sleep quality of the experimental groups was higher than the control group on the fourth day (p \u3c 00001). No significant difference using of opioid and analgesic drugs between the three groups (p \u3e 0,05). CONCLUSIONS: Our results showed reflexology massage and passive music therapy before burn dressing reduced pain and anxiety level, and increased sleep quality

Thiabendazole and Thiabendazole-Formic Acid Solvate: A Computational, Crystallographic, Spectroscopic and Thermal Study

Thiabendazole (TBZ) is a substance which has been receiving multiple important applications in several domains, from medicine and pharmaceutical sciences, to agriculture and food industry. Here, a comprehensive multi-technique investigation on the molecular and crystal properties of TBZ is reported. In addition, a new solvate of the compound is described and characterized structurally, vibrationally and thermochemically for the first time. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were used to investigate the conformational space of thiabendazole (TBZ), revealing the existence of two conformers, the most stable planar trans form and a double-degenerated-by-symmetry gauche form, which is ~30 kJ mol-1 higher in energy than the trans conformer. The intramolecular interactions playing the major roles in determining the structure of the TBZ molecule and its conformational preferences were characterized. The UV-visible and infrared spectra of the isolated molecule (most stable trans conformer) were also calculated, and their assignment undertaken. The information obtained for the isolated molecule provided a strong basis for the understanding of the intermolecular interactions and properties of the crystalline compound. In particular, the infrared spectrum for the isolated molecule was compared with that of crystalline TBZ and the differences between the two spectra were interpreted in terms of the major intermolecular interactions existing in the solid state. The analysis of the infrared spectral data was complemented with vibrational results of up-to-date fully-periodic DFT calculations and Raman spectroscopic studies. The thermal behavior of TBZ was also investigated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetry. Furthermore, a new TBZ-formic acid solvate [2-(1,3-thiazol-4-yl)benzimidazolium formate formic acid solvate] was synthesized and its crystal structure determined by X-ray diffraction. The Hirshfeld method was used to explore the intermolecular interactions in the crystal of the new TBZ solvate, comparing them with those present in the neat TBZ crystal. Raman spectroscopy and DSC studies were also carried out on the solvate to further characterize this species and investigate its temperature-induced desolvation

Removal of Various Pollutants from Leachate Using a Low-Cost Technique: Integration of Electrolysis with Activated Carbon Contactor

Landfill leachate contains a high concentration of organic pollutants that are active agents in water pollution. This study was conducted to remove various pollutants from landfill leachate through electrolysis and activated carbon (AC) treatments. A simple electrolytic reactor was designed to investigate the removal efficiency of these treatments for biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSSs), and total dissolved solids (TDSs) from landfill leachate at different electric current densities (CDs) and retention times (RTs). The results showed that the highest removal efficiencies for BOD and COD were 75.6 and 57 %, respectively, under a 7-V current for 4 h. It was also found that BOD, COD, TSS, and TDS removal efficiencies improved in proportion to an increase in CD and RT. However, pH gradually increased with an increase in CD and RT. A number of treated leachate samples were further polished by AC filtration to compare the effect of this additional process on the removal of color, BOD, COD, TSS, and TDS. This secondary treatment resulted in a higher removal of color and other pollutants than electrolysis alone. At 4 h RT, the BOD removal efficiency was 54.6 % at 3 V and 66.4 % at 5 V, and the efficiency increased to 61.5 and 70.5 %, respectively, after treatment by AC filtration. Under the same conditions, COD removal efficiency increased from 7.5 to 38.5 % at 3 V and from 31.1 to 49.5 % at 5 V. TSS and TDS removal efficiencies were also significantly improved by AC filtration. It is therefore concluded that 7 V of CD and 4 h of RT are the optimum parameters for removing pollutants from leachate and that the secondary treatment of AC filtration is an efficient method of further polishing