Waste Management by Waste: Removal of Acid Dyes from Wastewaters of Textile Coloration Using Fish Scales

Removal of hazardous acid dyes by economical process using low-cost bio-sorbents from wool industry wastewaters is of a pressing need, since it causes skin and respiratory diseases and disrupts other environmental components. Fish scales (FS), a by-product of fish industry, a type of solid waste, are usually discarded carelessly resulting in pungent odor and environmental burden. In this research, the FS of black drum (Pogonias cromis) were used for the removal of acid dyes (acid red 1 (AR1), acid blue 45 (AB45) and acid yellow 127 (AY126)) from wool industry wastewaters by absorption process with a view to valorizing fish waste and mutual management of both fish by-product and wastewaters of wool industry. The dye absorption process was investigated considering process variables such as dye concentration, amount of fish scale (FS) used, contact time, FS size, temperature, acid (pH), salt, combination of acid and salt, stirring and vacuum as well as the physicochemical characterization of absorbent was conducted through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) analyses. Microscopic characterization revealed the beautiful architecture of FS with different chemical compositions, TGA revealed that about 50% of scale was mineral and 50% polymer, and finally the evidence of absorption bands of the functional groups for dyes in the colored FS was confirmed by FT-IR analysis. Optimization of process variables represented that maximum dye removal percentages for AR1, AB45, and AY127 were 63.5, 89.3 and 92, and maximum absorptions were 1.8, 2.7 and 3.4mg/g, respectively. The results followed almost the same trend across all three dyes for all process variables. Dyes without any additives (salt and acid) exhibited the best removal performance in terms of percentage of dye removal, whereas the most unusual and inferior outcomes were found in case of fine powdered FS. Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) to find the variations in the dye removal percentages among different dyes and process parameters showed that dye types, process parameters and their interactions (dye type X process) had significant effect to the ANOVA model. Over the time, after absorption process the remaining wastewaters formed gelatin probably due to leaching some collagen from the scales. Additional study for characterization of the gel was performed through rheological analysis to find melting point of the gel

OPTIMIZATION OF PARAMETERS OF COTTON FABRIC WHITENESS

In this project work, the performance of peroxide bleaching commercial bluing agent, and different fluorescent brightening on the degree of whiteness of cotton fabric was investigated and compared. Here all the experiments were done on cotton fabric; both for woven knit structures in exhausted method. Maximum whiteness is found by applying optical brightening agent of Synowhite 4KB brand of 1.2% on the weight of materials at 80oC for 40 minutes treatment of cotton fabric along with salt of 5gm/L after bleaching. Furthermore, the influence of surface characteristics of the substrate on whiteness index was observed. CIE whiteness Index was measured by spectrophotometer at the standard illuminant D65

EFFECT OF YARN COUNT & STITCH LENGTH ON SHRINKAGE, GSM AND SPIRALITY OF SINGLE JERSY COTTON KNIT FABRIC

Single jersey cotton weft knitted fabrics tend to undergo a certain dimensional changes due to different yarn parameters and knitting parameters. The investigation was carried out to compare the effect of different yarn counts & stitch lengths on the spirality, GSM and shrinkage of knitted fabric. In this study the experimental results show that when yarn count is fixed, the increment of stitch length results decrement of spirality, increment of shrinkage and decrement of GSM. On the contrary, when stitch length is fixed, the increment of yarn count results increment of spirality, decrement of shrinkage and decrement of GSM. Some exceptions were also experienced

OPTIMIZATION OF PARAMETERS OF COTTON FABRIC WHITENESS

In this project work, the performance of peroxide bleaching commercial bluing agent, and different fluorescent brightening on the degree of whiteness of cotton fabric was investigated and compared. Here all the experiments were done on cotton fabric; both for woven knit structures in exhausted method. Maximum whiteness is found by applying optical brightening agent of Synowhite 4KB brand of 1.2% on the weight of materials at 80oC for 40 minutes treatment of cotton fabric along with salt of 5gm/L after bleaching. Furthermore, the influence of surface characteristics of the substrate on whiteness index was observed. CIE whiteness Index was measured by spectrophotometer at the standard illuminant D65

Optimizing Protein Fiber Spinning to Develop Plant-Based Meat Analogs via Rheological and Physicochemical Analyses

The substitution of meat products in the human diet with plant-based analogs is growing due to environmental, ethical, and health reasons. In this study, the potential of fiber-spinning technology was explored to spin protein fiber mimicking the structural element of meat muscle for the purpose of developing plant-based meat analogs. Overall, this approach involved extruding fine fibers and then assembling them into hierarchical fibrous structures resembling those found in whole muscle meat products. Considering the nutritional facts and to help build muscle fiber, soy protein, polysaccharide (pectin, xanthan gum, or carrageenan), plasticizer (glycerol), and water were used in the formulations to spin into fibers using an extruder with circular orifice dies. Extrudability and thermal and rheological properties were assessed to characterize the properties of the spun fiber. The extrusion trials showed that the presence of the polysaccharides increased the cohesiveness of the fibers. The properties of the fibers produced also depended on the temperature used during extrusion, varying from pasty gels to elastic strands. The extrudability of the fibers was related to the rheological properties (tan δ) of the formulations. This study demonstrated that fiber-spinning technology can be used to produce fibrous materials from plant-derived ingredients. However, the formulation and operating conditions must be optimized to obtain desirable physicochemical and functional attributes in the fibers produced

Sustainability Assessment of Cotton-Based Textile Wet Processing

The textile and fashion industries account for a significant part of global business. Textile wet processing (TWP) is a crucial stage in textile manufacturing. It imparts aesthetics as well as functional appeal on the textile fabric and ultimate products. Nevertheless, it is considered as one of the most polluting industries and threatens sustainability. There have been different approaches to transform this polluting industry to a sustainable industry. Many researchers have found this challenging, as sustainable, eco-friendly, green or cleaner wet processing might not be always applicable and relevant from the perspective of industrial applications. The present work helps us understand the current state of research of cotton-based textile processes including proposed sustainable approaches. It also examines the achievement of the degree of sustainability of those proposed processes with the lens of the triple bottom line (TBL) framework, identifies existing limitations, and suggests future research scopes that might pave ways for young researchers to learn and undertake new experimental and theoretical research

Comparing Performance of 3D-Printed and Injection-Molded Fiber-Reinforced Composite Parts in Ring-Spinning Traveler Application

Fiber-reinforced 3D printing (3DP) technology is a recent addition to the material extrusion-based 3DP process unlocking huge potential to apply this technology for high-performance material fabrication with complex geometries. However, in order to take the full advantage of this technology, a comparative analysis with existing technologies targeting a particular application is necessary to understand its commercial applicability. Here, an applied composite part, ring-spinning travelers, has been developed using the unique design features of fiber-reinforced 3DP technology that is beyond the capability of the currently used technology; the injection molding, quality, and performance of the printed and molded travelers were investigated and compared. The results demonstrated that fiber-reinforced 3DP is a promising technology that offers a lot of flexibility regarding reinforcement patterns and materials including both short and continuous fibers to tailor the performance, although the printed travelers showed poorer surface characteristics and wear resistance than the molded travelers. Based on the present analysis, a number of recommendations have been proposed on the design of the traveler to apply the technology effectively and use the printer to improvise and manipulate the performance of the travelers

Comparing Performance of 3D-Printed and Injection-Molded Fiber-Reinforced Composite Parts in Ring-Spinning Traveler Application

Fiber-reinforced 3D printing (3DP) technology is a recent addition to the material extrusion-based 3DP process unlocking huge potential to apply this technology for high-performance material fabrication with complex geometries. However, in order to take the full advantage of this technology, a comparative analysis with existing technologies targeting a particular application is necessary to understand its commercial applicability. Here, an applied composite part, ring-spinning travelers, has been developed using the unique design features of fiber-reinforced 3DP technology that is beyond the capability of the currently used technology; the injection molding, quality, and performance of the printed and molded travelers were investigated and compared. The results demonstrated that fiber-reinforced 3DP is a promising technology that offers a lot of flexibility regarding reinforcement patterns and materials including both short and continuous fibers to tailor the performance, although the printed travelers showed poorer surface characteristics and wear resistance than the molded travelers. Based on the present analysis, a number of recommendations have been proposed on the design of the traveler to apply the technology effectively and use the printer to improvise and manipulate the performance of the travelers

Adsorption Characteristics of Banana Peel in the Removal of Dyes from Textile Effluent

Disposal of reactive dye contaminants in surface waters causes serious health risks to the aquatic living bodies and populations adjacent to the polluted water sources. This study investigated the applicability of banana peels to remediate water contamination with reactive dyes used in the textile industry. A set of batch experiments was conducted using a standard dye solution to determine optimum adsorption parameters, and these parameters were used for the removal of dyes from actual wastewater. Fitting experimental data into the isotherm and kinetic models suggested monolayer dye adsorption with chemisorption rate-limiting step. The maximum adsorption found from modeling results was 28.8 mg/g. Fourier transformed infrared (FTIR) spectra revealed the existence of hydroxyl, amine and carboxylic groups, contributing to high adsorption of dye molecules onto the adsorbent surface. About 93% of the dyes from the standard solution were removed at optimum conditions (pH—7.0, initial dye concentration—100 mg/L, contact time—60 min, and adsorbent dose—0.5 g) while this value was 84.2% for industrial textile wastewater. This difference was mainly attributed to the composition difference between the solutions. However, the removal efficiency for actual wastewater is still significant, indicating the high potentiality of banana peel removing dyes from textile effluent. Furthermore, desorption studies showed about 95% of banana peel can be recovered with simple acid-base treatment

Sustainable Natural Printing of Cotton Fabric Without Metal-Based Mordant

Endeavors on scoured and bleached cotton knit fabric to print with natural dyes and natural thickeners were made avoiding the use of detrimental metal-based mordanting agents. Three different natural dye sources (Rose flower-Rosa indica, Teak leaf-Tectona grandis and Tamarind-Tamarindus indica seed husk) extracted in aqueous medium were applied on 100% cotton knit fabric with three different thickeners prepared from the powder of Guar gum-Cyamopsis tetragonoloba, mango seed-Mangifera indica and tamarind seed-Tamarindus indicaon. The printed samples exhibited excellent wash fastness with grading 4–5 for all printed samples, light fastness 7 for tamarind seed husk and tamarind seed, rose flower and tamarind seed printed fabrics and rubbing fastness 4–5 for all printed fabrics. Dye-fiber bond formation was confirmed by FTIR, which revealed phenomena of strong covalent bond between dye and fiber molecules. Environmental impact assessments, chemical oxygen demand (COD) of 0–158 mg/L and total suspended solid (TSS) of 1–55 mg/L indicated that the wastewater generated was safe to discharge to the environment without treatment. Other essential features, determination of K/S value, CIE lab data and durability of printing paste demonstrated successful application of natural dyes and thickeners for printing cotton fabric